One Of The Weaknesses Of The N :: essays research papers

One of the weaknesses of the novel, arrogance and Prejudice is that the characters are divided up between those you like and those you slangt. Discuss.The characters found in the novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, are easily contrasted. While some characters are likeable, we have others who are seen as silly and petty. Thus, we have inviolate differences between the various characters, who pass to us the nature of society in those times. The reflection of the 19th Century through the characters, does not detract from the novel in any way, but very increases its complexity.Elizabeth, is clearly one of the most likeable characters in the novel. With her wit, charm and charisma she is in all senses an accomplished woman. Elizabeth is a strong-minded and courageous character, who was not afraid to stand up to others. I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry., (Ch. 34) she exclaims in response to Darcys initial proposal. Ho wever, with all her strong-mindedness, her courage is still shown when she admits that she is wrong after she read Darcys earn of explanation and verbalize But vanity, not love, has been my folly. with this realisation, we see that Elizabeth does not have the stereotypical nature of the majority of the people in her society, who, in contrast are unable(p) to recognise their own faults. immensely contrasted to Elizabeth, we have the comical Mr.Collins, who lacks the self-reflection and self-awareness that is evident in Elizabeth. One trait Mr. Collins surely portrays is that of self-importance. It never occurred to him that Elizabeth would refuse his marriage proposal, and when she does, he can provided severalise it does not appear to me that my hand is unworthy your acceptance. Mr Collins proposal was extremely serious, as he really believed that he was a good catch, and because he was mortified when Elizabeth turned him down.Mr.Collins continually amuses the reader with his ironically wise discussions in which he attempts to convey his prestige in Rosings. In a letter to the Bennets after the scandal with Lydia and Wickham, he writes I am truly rejoiced that my cousin Lydias sad business has been so tumefy hushed up, and am only concerned that their living together before the marriages took place, should be so generously known. Mr.Collins is so ironically naive that he continuously thinks that his opinion will be respected and deemed correct, by all.One Of The Weaknesses Of The N essays research papers One of the weaknesses of the novel, Pride and Prejudice is that the characters are divided up between those you like and those you dont. Discuss.The characters found in the novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, are easily contrasted. While some characters are likeable, we have others who are seen as silly and petty. Thus, we have strong differences between the various characters, who present to us the nature of society in those times. The ref lection of the 19th Century through the characters, does not detract from the novel in any way, but actually increases its complexity.Elizabeth, is clearly one of the most likeable characters in the novel. With her wit, charm and charisma she is in all senses an accomplished woman. Elizabeth is a strong-minded and courageous character, who was not afraid to stand up to others. I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry., (Ch. 34) she exclaims in response to Darcys initial proposal. However, with all her strong-mindedness, her courage is still shown when she admits that she is wrong after she read Darcys letter of explanation and said But vanity, not love, has been my folly. Through this realisation, we see that Elizabeth does not have the stereotypical nature of the majority of the people in her society, who, in contrast are unable to recognise their own faults. Vastly contrasted to Elizabeth, we have the comical Mr.Collins, who lacks the self-reflection and self-awareness that is evident in Elizabeth. One trait Mr. Collins surely portrays is that of self-importance. It never occurred to him that Elizabeth would refuse his marriage proposal, and when she does, he can only say it does not appear to me that my hand is unworthy your acceptance. Mr Collins proposal was extremely serious, as he really believed that he was a good catch, and therefore he was mortified when Elizabeth turned him down.Mr.Collins continually amuses the reader with his ironically wise discussions in which he attempts to convey his prestige in Rosings. In a letter to the Bennets after the scandal with Lydia and Wickham, he writes I am truly rejoiced that my cousin Lydias sad business has been so well hushed up, and am only concerned that their living together before the marriages took place, should be so generously known. Mr.Collins is so ironically naive that he incessantly thinks that his opinion will be respected and deemed correct, by all .

The Makings of a Good Lawman :: Television Media TV Essays

The Makings of a Good Lawman Gunsmoke is about the violence that moved throughout the west and the united states circulate categorical Dillon along with his sidekick Chester, who moved along solving the crimes and lending a hand to anyone who needed it along the way. The staring cast of Gunsmoke was William Conrad as Matt Dillon, Howard McNear as Doc, Parley Baer as Chester, Georgia Ellis as Kitty. Usually the west is describes as a time in history filled with outlaws, gun fights, suggestion towns, wagon journeys along trails, it was a time when people picked up and moved hearing of the next booming city where more gold can be found, more money to be made or the way of life was better than before. In Gunsmoke Matt Dillon is an independent, compassionate, caring, attentive, and determined person. In The Sutler, Matt Dillon it upon himself as he listens to a friend Mr. Jonas speak about a problem he has had with a man named Dale. Matt Dillon goes to the army fort to speak with the L ieutenant in charge about Dale. He is brushed off but persists in making him understand. In Prairie Happy the people of Dodge are getting agile for the Pawnees to attack. Mr. Chooksberry starts a fire and kills two men. Marshal Dillon Speaks with him and still puts him to bed. Chooksberry went to trial due to his daughter speaking on his behalf Chooksberry was a Pawnee. In There was never a Horse Marshal Dillon was backed down in a saloon by Mr. Ken Creed he is purposefully letting everyone know that he made the Marshal back down. Matt Dillons sense of self-reliance is that In Sutler he took it upon himself to gather information and created roadblocks along the route to and from the fort in order to catch Dale. In Prairie Happy Marshal Dillon remained calm while the city of Dodge was moving around trying to protect themselves the Marshal was the solo one that thought about it and said that only an Indian would know when they would attack and not leave it so that the City of Dodge knew that they were going to attack. Chooksberry never spoke again in English only in Pawnee and Marshal Dillon was still concerned enough to allow his daughter to go to trial with him In There was never a Horse Marshal Matt allows himself to look like a fool no matter what other say.

Black vs. White and New vs. Old in Go Down, Moses Essay -- Go Down Mos

Black vs. White and New vs. Old in Go Down, Moses In the novel Go Down, Moses, William Faulkner examines the comparisonship between blacks and whites in the South. His attempt to trace the evolution of the roles and mentalities of whites and blacks from the emancipation to the 1940s focuses on several key transitional figures. In The Fire and the Hearth, Lucas Beauchamp specifically represents two extremes of pride in the old people, who were proud of their land and their traditions and in the new-fangled generation, whose pride forced them to break away from the traditions of the South. Lucas primer coat uniquely shapes him for this role. He represents the general sentiments of both blacks and whites because of his mixed heritage, and he represents the old and the new through his simultaneous pride in and mutiny against his blood relation to Lucius Quintus Carothers McCaslin. The new generation, both whites and blacks, rebelled against the respect older Southerners held for the land and tradition, although each rebelled for different reasons. As a sharecropper on Zack Edmonds farm, Lucas displays his pride in his connection to Carothers McCaslin in a subtle, often unspoken manner. Yet this pride always exists parallel to his defensive pride in the black blood mixed with that white blood. Lucas assign the blood of Carothers in him as the source of the courage he needed to confront, and attempt to shoot, Zack Edmonds. But at the same time, the action that that courage initiated was an act of rebellion against what Lucas perceived as white oppression of his rights Then, not rising yet, he took the cartridge from his pocket and looked at it again, musing--the live cartridge, not even stained, not corroded, the... ..., as they were no longer relevant to their world. All in all, Lucas Beauchamps mixed heritage leads to opposing extremes of pride. Faulkner uses this duality to represent both blacks and whites in their transition from the old to the new gene ration. Lucas lives in the time after the emancipation, yet he has strong ties to the old traditions of the South because of the connections he has to Lucius Quintus Carothers McCaslin. Lucas character thus represents the new, the old, the black, and the white. It covers the broad spectrum of mentalities of the South in the stop which Faulkner treated in Go Down, Moses. Faulkner created a complex, viable character in Lucas to reveal the complexity and intertwining of all the different aspects of the South racial and generational. Works CitedFaulkner, William. Go Down Moses. New York The Modern Library, 1995.

What impression of the Miller does Chaucer create in the portrait? Essa

What impression of the Miller does Chaucer create in the characterization?Extracted from the normal prologue, the portrait of the Miller beginsby explaining his physical appearance. His physique is said to be fulbig of brawn and eek of bones indicating he was stocky, big boned andhad large muscles. He was also short-sholdred meaning broad. Thissuggests he could be quite threatening to look at. The Miller had ared beard as wide as a spade, a hairy wart on the top right of hisnose, wide black nostrils and a huge mouth as great as a furnace.Chaucer creates a very clear image in our minds of the Miller and theimpression given through his physical description suggests he israther ugly. In the terminus of the 14th speed of light when Chaucer wrote theCanterbury tales, it was considered that you could tell a personscharacter from their appearance, be it good or hopeless. Chaucer portraysthe Miller as physically repulsive which implies he is an immoral andbad character. His image could reflect his personality.In the case of the miller this is so. It is explained that the Millerparticipated in a popular sport of the time, wrestling. It is furtherexplained that he always won the block (the prize given). Chaucercontinues to give the impression that the Miller was strong and to acertain extent should be feared. It also says that he carried with hima swerd and bokeler (sword and shield) by his side, furthersuggesting he was always fighting. In mirroring his bad physicalappearance, there is a suggestion that the Miller could have been athief. Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of harre says that therewas no gate he would not have off its hinges. This implies that theMiller wondered the town banging down d... ...he Miller as thed crime to represent that he really was an evil character is only somepeoples perception. Others interpret this reference to have a comicelement and to be used for the purpose of taking-the-mick. In the 14thCentury the general opinion of the M iller was low and he was adisliked military man. This was because it was known that he over-priced forhis skills and ripped off his customers by taking too much of their food grain as a charge. It is therefore some peoples belief that Chaucer issimply comparing the Miller to the devil as a joke and to amuse thosewho disliked the man to simply make the book popular. Whether Chaucermeant to make this reference as comical or to suggest the Miller wasthe devil incarnate, the same impression is given.In the portrait of the Miller Chaucer gives the impression that he isugly, loud, rough and of an evil manner.

Drama Portfolio :: Education School Theatre Plays Essays

Drama PortfolioHow did the first drama exercise go up your ideas?We first tried a simple drama interview with some prejudice. Wethought we could develop it by adding more drama strategies. We alsothought that we could increase the prejudice of the interviewer andmaybe, instead of him saying his own inner thoughts, he could have a conscience/alter-ego to say it for him. This lead on to the thoughtthat we could make his alter-egos control him and his actions.What were your first thoughts?We discussed several meanings of the poem. We all thought that thepoem was about prejudice in the featplace. The of import character isinterviewing people and discriminating against them because of theirdifferences. We thought that a good drama developing from this poemwould be in the form of an interview.What did your conference decide?Our group decided to do the interview. We had 3 interviewees. Eachwould have a different characteristic i.e. colour, mentality,disability and so on They would be i nterviewed by a very prejudiced, antiblackperson who would become increasingly so after each interview.Strategies, media, elementsWe used 2 main strategies within this drama. The interviewer had whatwe called, an alter-ego or conscience. There was a good (angel), impersonal (everyday man) and an evil (devil) conscience. Thesecontrolled him. As each interviewee enters, the scene would freeze andthe conscience would give their inner thoughts about the person. Thealter-egos were placed on chairs, above, and surrounding theinterviewer to show control over him. We build this drama up to astring climax. One second, noise and business, and the next, silenceand solitude.What did you learn from other peoples ideas and work?I learnt, from one of my group members, that you should deal beyondthe actual drama and use as mevery drama elements as you can to developyour drama. Also, to offer and accept good criticism and/or adviceabout how people can improve their acting abilities.Rounded Rectan gular Callout You will be hearing from us shortly by U.A. Fanthorpe What would you like to work on next?The next thing I would like to try would be to see how prejudiceaffects people in other ways e.g. at home, school, etc. and to developa few dramas on that. Also, I would like to focus on one particularaspect of prejudice/discrimination e.g. racism, ageism, etc. and use adrama to get the message across as to how these prejudices are wrongand why these people are no different to any others.You Will Be Hearing From Us ShortlyYou feel adequate to the demands of this position?What qualities do you feel you

Drama Portfolio :: Education School Theatre Plays Essays

Drama PortfolioHow did the first drama exercise come apart your ideas?We first tried a bare(a) drama interview with some hurt. We image we could develop it by adding more drama strategies. We alsothought that we could increase the prejudice of the interviewer andmaybe, instead of him saying his stimulate inner thoughts, he could have aconscience/alter-ego to say it for him. This lead on to the thoughtthat we could make his alter-egos control him and his actions.What were your first thoughts?We discussed several meanings of the poem. We all thought that thepoem was about prejudice in the workplace. The main character isinterviewing people and discriminating against them because of theirdifferences. We thought that a good drama developing from this poemwould be in the form of an interview.What did your group decide?Our group decided to do the interview. We had 3 interviewees. Eachwould have a different characteristic i.e. colour, mentality,disability and so on They would be interv iewed by a very prejudiced, racistperson who would become increasingly so after each interview.Strategies, media, elementsWe used 2 main strategies at heart this drama. The interviewer had whatwe called, an alter-ego or conscience. There was a good (angel),neutral (everyday man) and an evil (devil) conscience. Thesecontrolled him. As each interviewee enters, the scene would freeze andthe conscience would give their inner thoughts about the person. Thealter-egos were rigid on chairs, above, and surrounding theinterviewer to show control over him. We build this drama up to astring climax. One second, noise and business, and the next, silenceand solitude.What did you learn from otherwise peoples ideas and work?I learnt, from wiz of my group members, that you should think beyondthe actual drama and use as many drama elements as you can to developyour drama. Also, to offer and accept good criticism and/or adviceabout how people can improve their acting abilities.Rounded Rectangular C allout You will be auditory sense from us shortly by U.A. Fanthorpe What would you like to work on next?The next thing I would like to try would be to see how prejudiceaffects people in other ways e.g. at home, school, etc. and to developa few dramas on that. Also, I would like to focus on one particularaspect of prejudice/discrimination e.g. racism, ageism, etc. and use adrama to get the message across as to how these prejudices are wrongand wherefore these people are no different to any others.You Will Be Hearing From Us ShortlyYou emotional state adequate to the demands of this position?What qualities do you feel you

Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for OCD Essay

The cognitive approach assumes that OCD is a consequence of faulty and irrational ways of thinking taken to an extreme. Patients with OCD have different thinking patterns and more prying thoughts. The cognitive explanation stresses that everyone has unwanted thoughts from time to time, but OCD sufferers cannot ignore these thoughts and they be often misinterpreted, leading to self-blame and the obsessive symptoms of OCD. So that the negative thoughts and concerns associated with a particular solicitude do not come to pass, compulsions arise in an attempt to neutralise the anxiety. The sufferer becomes more wary of having busybodied thoughts and their fear of them increases. As these ideas are incessantly thought about, they become obsessive and a pattern of ritualistic, repetitive behaviour begins.A strength of this theory is that thither is supporting evidence. For example, Wegner found that a throng of students asked not to think of a white bear were more likely to do so tha n a group allowed to think about it. Salkoius found that when petition participants to suppress thoughts and on other days not to, the participants kept a diary of more intrusive thoughts when they had to be suppressed these findings support the idea that a deliberate attempt to suppress thoughts leads to an increase in these thoughts supporting the main ideas of the approach.This is a strength because the two studies have found similar findings and are thus externally reliable. This makes the cognitive approach reliable as a whole because it can be checked and verified and the theory has sound foundations for further research.However, a weakness of this theory is that there are problems with the evidence. For example, Salkoius used self-report methodologies in order to measure the thoughts of the participants. This means that the results may have been subjected to social desirability bias. For example, the amount of intrusive thoughts may not have all been recorded in the diaries in order to please the experimenter they may not want them to know how bad their symptoms are due to feelings of embarrassment. This is an issue because it means the study lacks internal validity the intrusive thoughts in the diary are not caused solely by supressing them, but there are other extraneous variables such as embarrassment. We therefore cannot prove cause and effect to show that suppressing thoughts lead to symptoms in OCD, so there are other factors the cognitive approach needs to consider in order to offer a causal explanation.However, although there are issues with self-report methodologies, they can provide a greater insight into the participants thoughts and a greater level of detail. They are allowing the participants to describe their own experiences rather than inferring this from observing participants. It therefore provides access to a high level of quantitative data.

Narrative and Narration Essay

Narrative and narration in frivol aways are the way in which the earshot follows the plot. The deflection between storey and narration is only really clear when both are understood properly.Narrative is basically the way we bring out all the events in a subscribe unfold. E.g. Blair Witch Project. A group of drive students go into the woods to acquire a documentary about the myth of the Blair Witch. What we figure is the people film everything that they do. We see (in a nutshell) them get lost, get scared and accordingly looking at a wall.Narration is the process through which a film conveys or withholds narrative randomness, the way the story is told. Narration concerns the actual arrangement and presentation of the story in the film, the way the film distributes story information in order to achieve specific effects. E.g. in the Blair Witch Project the story conveys the idea that there is something out there, but it withholds all the information on the thing by never sh owing anything out of the ordinary.Once these two are understood we have to look into the two other effects to do with narration. These two are omniscient and restricted narration. Omniscient narration is where the audience is subjected to information from earthy sources such as Lock Stock and two grass Barrels. The film switches from one character to the next all the time, thus we never get to go to sleep one character more that any other. increase it gives the audience more information than any of the characters, so we have an advantage over them all, which creates a feeling of suspense because the smasher is on the edge of their home wondering if a certain character will find out a specific piece of information. Restricted narrative is where the film conveys the narrative to the viewer via one character. E.g. Get Carter. In this film we get almost all of the information from Jack Carter. He is in almost every scene. The advantage of this is that you know everything Jack kno ws, besides everything that he doesnt know. This is used in the British gangster genre film because is ads mystery to the question what will happen to our man (JackCarter) next.Tzvetan Todorovs theory of narrative structure is a very simple way of explaining filmic narrative. The following is a point from the theory followed by an example of this from the film Armageddon. A state of equilibrium. Everything in the world is fine. People getting on with their run of the mill lives. The main star is seen grafting on an embrocate rig. A disturbance of that order by an event. NASA discover a uncollectible ass rock coming to earth at an enormous speed. We also see New York get hit by a meteor storm which emphasises the enormity of this event because the rock was able to squash such big and strong city the likes of New York. A recognition that the disorder has occurred. NASA devises a plot to stop the rock ending all life on Earth, by sending a bunch of drillers to land on it, dig a hole , set of a nuclear bomb and come home heroes. A re vacate or restoration of a NEW equilibrium. The rock is blown to shreds and the world is saved, so that now everyone flowerpot continue grafting for pittance hardly like before. The new equilibrium is emphasised by the shot of the wedding at the end with the photo of the people who died during this event, so there is less characters so its different from the original equilibrium. This new equilibrium is necessary or otherwise there would be no difference between the start and the end of the film so it would be pointless to watch it if zero interesting has happened in the main event.So when a film is viewed in this way we get a better understanding of the plot because we realise that its not a straight linear concept, but a circular one. Otherwise how do we get patronize to the equilibrium if it goes straight. But it arouse also be argued that it is not a circular process because its not going back to a equilibrium like before b ut back to a new equilibrium so effectively its going in a linear structure. The narrative in the film is driven by attempts to restore equilibrium. But Todorovs theory does not end there. Oh no. Todorov also argues that narrative involves a transformation. The characters or the situations are modify through the progress of the disruption. E.g. Halloween. In this film Laurie Strode starts out as a geeky teenager who is more concerned with her lessons than boys. Shit, what, I forgot my chemistry book. Hey Laurie I barely got you a date with that boy you like. Oh no please tell me you didnt. I sure did. OK then you gotta ring him onthe morning and cancel the total thing. But then at the end of the story (which concludes at the end of the sequel Halloween 2) she is a much stronger character. This is emphasised with the character in Halloween H20 where we see how much she has moved on from geeky teenager to a confident, strong, energetic mum.Vladimir Propp believes that the character s in a film have a narrative function in the text. Characters are there to suffice provide a structure for the text. He found octette basic characters who perform a certain function. Following are the eight characters and with examples of their counterparts in some famous films. The HERO. In The Matrix Neo is the person who on a quest for something gets drawn into a world of UN-reality and comes out the marvellous hero after being trained to realise the truth. This is a common action/thriller genre film technique, because it helps the audience feel related in a way to the hero because you realise that it could happen to anyone of us. This is used in Enemy of the State. Will Smith is the usual nothing and ends up learning how to puzzle the American Government, which are so hard to outsmart apparently. The VILLAIN. In Halloween the grownupdie is the maniac grampus Michael Myers. As with most horror films at least the villain (a use uper more times than not) is a psychopath. E.g . Friday the 13th, Mrs Voorhees is the shock killer, her son was killed in the opening of the film. Nightmare on Elm Street.Freddie Kruger is the mysterious killer who slashes people up in their sleep. In Night of the Living Dead zombies are the weird dead things that try and kill everyone. In The Texas Chain power saw assassinate its a family of freaks that lure people in and then killem. These are the films that scare people. The Villains that shock people are the ones that you cant see. Such as the tantalise in The Exorcist or the witch in The Blair Witch Project. The reason why the films worked was because the viewer was taken into a world of un-reality and this scared people. It permit them be witness to what reality would be like in a unreal society. But more recent horror attempts such as the guffaw trilogy and Children of the Corn use real people as the freaks who go on killing sprees. This kind of film scared film fans because it gave the impression that anyone can turn into homicidal maniacs. These films were not as praised as the old fashioned films by big horror fans such as myself becauseit tries to play the audience into believe something which is already happening in the world, whereas most people go to see films to get away from reality, the new sort of horror film incisively shows you real life situations. The DONOR. In my view the donor in 90% of films is the narrative. The reason being that in most films the plot is for the good guy to defeat the bad guy.This can be by arresting them, killing them etc., but it doesnt really matter. The donor provides the object for the hero to go for, or the heroes goal, and this in most films is the neutralisation or stopping of the bad guy. So when looked at like this we see that its the films presentation that provides the goal for the hero. The DISPATCHER. The dispatcher in a film is the person who sends the hero on their way. In the film The Lion King the dispatchers are Nala and Moustapha. The re ason why its these two is because they persuade Simba to go after Scar and regain his kingdom as the king. These are one of the key characters in the story because if it wasnt for them the hero would no nothing to try and groom the situation. The FALSE HERO. The false hero in the film The World Is Not Enough is the character Electra. She appears to be on the side of the hero (James Bond) but then turns against him. She provides him and M with information that appears helpful to their cause but we then realise that its part of a trap, between her and the bad guy.This character is very of import to the lam of a film because it provides the viewer with a reason to then go on and hate that character, because we relate to the hero and as that person has screwed the hero we thus feel that she has screwed us to. So in a way it personalises the character with the audience. The HELPER. The helper in a film is the person that seems knowledgeable in a certain aspect of the plot and then go es onto help the hero. The helper in Halloween is Sam Loomis. This character is usually a person who for some reason knows the actions of the bad guy. In the case of Sam Loomis he is the doctor of Michael Myers. This helps him know what the killer will do next. He tells the sheriff that the killer will return to Haddonfield to try and kill his one surviving relative Laurie Strode. If it wasnt for this character the hero would have no chance of stopping the bad guy because he knows absolutely nothing about it. Its also the same in Enemy of the State. The helper Gene Hackman (Brill) is the person who knows all about surveillance, the US governments capabilities, so therefore can help the hero (Will Smith) overcome thechallenge that the narrative of the film has set out.The PRINCESS. The princess in a film is the sexual reward for the heroes good work. The princess in Armageddon is vie by Liv Tyler and is the reward for the partial heros (Ben Afflleck) hard work in saving the planet f rom total destruction. The princess character is very grand to the conclusion if the film because it is possible for the men to relate to it. The way is that the typical family picture in the world today still is that man goes out to work, women cleans the augury and kids go to school. The man comes home from work and gets some sex for all his work, just like the hero in the film. Also like in deceased in 60 Seconds, Angelina Jolie is the reward for Nicholas Cages efforts at stealing 50 cars in one night.The FATHER. The find in Armageddon again is Bruce Willis. The role of the father is to reward the hero for a job well done. In Armageddon the reward for good work is being able to live with the fathers daughter, because the father rewards him for good work by staying on the rock and choosing to die himself. The father in the film also acts as the man with all the knowledge that holds the group together. In bygone in 60 Seconds the father Auto (Robert Duval) acts as the all powe rful, all knowledgeable person whos been there before and therefore is the person who can guide all the younger ones in the right direction. All of these eight points of characters carry the film. Not just one but all of them. When looked at in greater detail Propps theory we realise that its the way we sub-consciously look at the characters that keys the viewer thank anything of a certain film.In conclusion narrative and narration are the key elements that make a film what it is. All the above theories are vital, when it comes to reading a film in detail. These theories are reclaimable because they make us view the film in a different way than you normally would. They help you to understand what the importance of certain characters and effects are. They help the viewer view key elements in totally different ways and to understand them in a much deeper detail than before. E.g. When I first saw Halloween I saw Sam Loomis as an old doctor who seems a bit crazy upstairs. I thought hi s importance in the film was nominal and that he was only there to involve a British dude and now when I watch the film I can realise how important his character is to Laurie Strodes quest to kill the Shape. If it was not forhim no one would have any idea of his intentions and that he would return to Haddonfield.So basically youre closing as to weather you like a film or not can be identified by breaking down the certain aspects of a film down into questions. I.e. How do the films narrative functions effect youre overall perception of the film.? How does the films narration effect the way you perceive the film. When you look at Todorovs theory of narrative structure how does your view of the film change from the one you had of it before you compared it to the points Todorov makes in his theory? How does Propps theory of characters and narrative function make you look at the characters when you also look at the eight points outlined in his theory? All this along with all the stuff to do with television camera movement, use of sound, use of lighting, use of Mise-en-scene and the way the plot is portrayed all help you understand a film in a deeper way than before.

Business Modeling Essay

Ted Ralley is working on conducting a forecast for the upcoming year for an automobilemobile part company. The selective information that exit be used for this enquiry has been collected from the quarterly sales from the foregoing four years. Ted wants to determine what is most accurate way to determine the forecast for 2008. The model should also help fixed if the economic situation and oil prices are affecting significantly the sales of the company. The two models that were provided were thoroughly analyzed to determine which model was the most appropriate to utilize. These models were a regression model with factors, seasons and an one-dimensional Holt-Winters model. The forecasts also show that there is a significant change in the sales with the economic hardship and oil prices. It was reason that the Regression with Econometric Variables would be the best method to use to forecast the sales for 2008, estimating a 255,927,955 for that year.BackgroundWith the economy continuo usly deteriorating everyone seems to be getting psychic trauma financially, even the automotive industry, which has deepening the economic recession. Automotive part suppliers continued to experience heavy debt and overcapacity caused by production cuts by automakers, specifically including the big 3 (Ford Motor Company, General Motors and Chrysler). The suppliersare also being pressed by higher energy and input materials costs. It has been determined by Industry analyst that automotive companies that accounted for more than $72 billion in sales have filed for chapter 11 protections in 2008. The number of Bankruptcies will continue to rise as the years go by. Domestically, Losing the big 3 to U.S affiliates of foreign- based manufacturers and imports in 2008 have caused a dramatic 50% drop in the market share.Most US suppliers are unfree on these three companies aforementioned. U.S suppliers are currently facing the challenge of penetrating automakers supply chains, mostly becaus e these relationships have been long-established with home-market supplies. Ted Ralley is the director of a marketing research for a manufacturer of spare automobiles parts and its working on conducting a forecast for the upcoming year. Ted is aware of the forecasting errors and how costly they can be which is why these numbers must be as accurate as possible. In order to perform this forecast, Ted has collected the info on quarterly sales for the previous four years and ran several forecasts using time series forecasting methods. Ted noticed that economic activity and oil prices have impacted significantly the auto part sales and decided that the forecast will be more accurate using econometric variables. ProblemWill the econometric variables be a better predictor of sales for the coming year, given the current economic activity and oil prices? AnalysisThis analysis consisted of the evaluation of the regression model with factors, seasons and the additive Holt-Winters method to ge nerate an accurate forecast of how econometric variables have affected the Auto Parts industry. The analysis involved calculating the errors metrics for the three models (mean autocratic percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), MAPE and Theils U-statistics (U)) and comparing them against each other. The error metrics were calculated by using the formulas shown below plug-in 1.1 Error Metrics FormulasAfter studying the data provided it could be determined that there is an upward trend with obvious seasonality. Another factor that played a role in these regressions was the removal of the first two years in order to meet Holt-Winters method guidelines. The first regression was conducted usingFactors was generated by utilizing the data that provided by Ted Ralley from a large manufacturer of spare auto parts for automobiles. The data consisting of the quarterly sales for the previous four years was the dependent variables and autarkic variables consisted of Time, quart er 2, quarter 3, quarter 4. In this regression quarter 1 was removed in order to avoid over forecasting and binary cryptanalytics was used to generate dummy factors. After the regression was completed, the independent variables were tested to determine their significance, which was done by performing a regression on the data through Microsoft Excel. Quarter 4 was removed from the model due to the fact that it was statistically insignificant. This was determined by using backward elimination, which means, a variable that has a P-Value that is greater than .05, is considered insignificant and should be removed from the data and a new regression should be completed.The results from the new regression, shown below, have a P-Value less than .05 being competent to reject the null hypothesis (Ha). A very strong positive linear correlation between sales and all the independent variables combined with a 95.47%, leaving an unexplained variance of 4.53 is also demonstrated. According to the textbook the most common rhythm of overall fit is the coefficient of determination (R2). Another important measure is the standard error (Se), which is derived from the sum of squared residuals for n observations and k predictors (Poane, Seward, 2013). A smaller Se Indicates a better fit, in this case the Se will be off by around 3.9 million. The coefficients used to run the forecast for 2008 are the following intercept coefficient + coefficient time x time 1 positivist coefficient q2* code for Q2 dummy variable for q2 + plus coefficient q3. Square error was used to find the magnitude of the error the absolute value of the error to the sales was institute and then preceded to calculate to numerator. Numerator and denominator will be calculated in other to use Thiels U. Numerator was calculated as follow difference between sales negative the sale of initial sale (difference q1-2 sales) /divided by q1 and squared.BibliographyPoane, D., & Seward, L. E. (2013). trading Modeling Cus tomized Readings for QNT5040. Mc Graw Hill Education.Microsoft Office Excel. (2007). Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation.Albright, Winston & Zappe (2010). Business Modeling, Selections from 4e QNT 5040 (4th ed.). Mason Cengage Learning. Aczel,A & Sounderpandian,J (2009). Complete Business Statistics 7th edition (592). Mc Graw Hill Education.U.S. Automotive Parts Industry Annual Assessment. (2009, April 1). . Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http//trade.gov/mas/manufacturing/OAAI/build/groups/public/tg_oaai/documents/webcontent/tg_oaai_003759.pdf

Perception Essay Essay

When we look at something, are we all seeing the same thing?Perception is the ability to see, hear, or become alive(predicate) of something through the senses. It is the expression in which something is regarded and understood. Metaphysicians, Logicians, Political and Social philosophers have thought ab out(p) perception since the beginning of history. We all perceive our sensual organs get laid information the way they are designed to however, do we see differently because we all interpret what we see differently?One of the major senses is sight. This sense allows us to see by simply reflecting light onto i of our organs. The complex part however is the decoding of the information that is reflected. Our minds interpret the light that is reflected and turn it into information for us to sense our environment. It bed be argued that the processed information is not always true. One example of this idea of flawed information would be the Rubins Vase form, which was unquestionable b y Edgar Rubin, a Danish psychologist. The visual effect generally presents the viewer with ii shape interpretations, apiece of which is consistent with the image. The viewer is meant to see two images one being two humans facing each separate and the early(a) is a vase. This form is an illusion and is created by the mind. The fact that there are two images seen to us does not mean that one of them has to be wrong. There is no wrong or right, it is just how our brains interpret the information.It can be considered that these interpretations are impact by our lifestyles and societies. Interpretation of the same image also changes from person to person. If looked on a bigger scale, these changes are affected from differences in cultures and paradigms. Color is also a major variable in testing perception after illusions. Do we see colors differently? One of BBCs most fascinating shows Do You See What I See explores this question. In the English language, there are distinct words t o describe specific colors. Green and Blue describe specifically the wavelengths received by our eyes, color is after all just waves. 2 circles made up of 5 yard squares on the left side, and 4 green squares and 1 blue square on the right.When the same image was shown to villagers from northern Namibia, they couldnt pick out the blue square on the right however, picked out theslightly different green colored square on the left. Any kind of conclusion can be made from this research. For example, because of less vegetation in Namibia, the habitants have a more fragile sense of color when it comes to green. They can differentiate very easily. Further research shows that there are many other factors affecting color perception including populates moods, memories and feelings. Everybody sees the same wavelength but every individual sees a different color.Emotions also play a vital part in creating a perception. When we are filled with our emotions, we tend to be out of control of things . We always think that what we believe is always right no matter what the dowery are. One great example of such behavior is the emotion of love. When we are deeply in love with a particular person, our understanding of happiness changes into alone being oriented around them. The same thing goes for if we dislike somebody. Everything they do annoys us. This is generally referred to as Emotions taking over.The senses are accompanied by other senses to further prove that something is correct. A person sees a yellow pencil inside a glass of water. The pencil is curved and it is therefore perceived by that person that it is that way. However when the person removes the pencil from the water by touching it, it is understood that the pencil was not curved after all. This is a common fiction used by philosophers to explain how senses are used together to perceive. The person touches the pencil in order to feel its texture and therefore disprove his interpretation through sight. Other sen ses such as hearing, smelling and tasting are also used in accompaniment to seeing. It can be reasoned that people use different sense with sight and end up seeing something else in accordance to someone else.In conclusion every persons skill to see is the same. Every person has the ability to receive light and process it into information however the decoding of this information is different in each and every human being. Illusions show us something that is not there or alters the image we see. Our minds process it in the most useful way for us to perceive. As other sight related perceptions, it can be debated that every person seesillusions differently according to what they have learned over their life. This is closely related to the way our societies are built. Our minds and our perception are affected by our teachings from our societies. What we see and what we perceive is rendered in order of usefulness to our environment and us. Emotion is also majorly related to perception. I t can be debated whether our perception affects our emotions or whether our emotions affect our perceptions, however it obvious that our emotions play a vital part in what we see.

Ladies Detective Agency Essay

1.Conventional mystery novels usually contain one long and riveting mystery throughout the course of the whole story. This may or may not be successful in many another(prenominal) cases based on the authors interest in that one mystery. With this book containing many contrastive mysteries and criminal offences to solve it allows readers to become more(prenominal)(prenominal) engaged in from each one one instead of one mystery carrying out through the whole story. This do the pacing of the novel much more concrete and have a go at itable. The author also did a nice job on emphasizing one big crime that carried out throughout most of the story. This kept the readers engaged throughout the story, as they were able to bounce back to that original story without getting bored of it.2.Precious Ramotswe is an highly warm and loving character. She is such a charming protagonist because of her positive attitude and determination towards all of the obstacles thrown at her in lifespan. She is so different from other detectives because she is a woman, a person that has gone through an enormous amount of hardships in her own life, and she is a detective because that is what she loves. She doesnt just do it for the purposes of making money. She feels that all African people are her brothers and sisters and it is her job to help them with their troubles.3.These cases that Mma Ramotswe deals with, are cases that police cannot solve. This factor drives suspense in the views of the reader ad from Mma Ramotswes perspective, as she cannot go to the cops for assistance in these riveting cases. The readers know how a police officer would handle certain situations, unaccompanied if in this case it was more of a mystery as we learned how Mma Ramotswe would handle these situations.4.Mma Ramotswe view on men was ruined by her branch experience with a man. Ever since she got with child(predicate) with her economizes baby and then he left she has looked at men in a very stere otypical and our way. Throughout this story, every bad quality Mma Ramotswe has say about men is proven to be valid in this book as most of her cases involve snoopy and cowardly men who leave and get laid on their wives.5.It expresses her roots and sets the tone of her values and her culture. It gives the reader an idea of how the people live in her area and throughout Africa. His life reveals a lot of annals including a give outheid and the inequality of b lacks in South Africa. His story reveals that mines shorten your life span and it is sad how you conk so hard to make a living for yourself and your family, but in the end the mines will cause you to live less.6.Most of Mma Ramotswes cases involve a person lying about something that she needs to solve. She uses intuition and the peoples hunch to crack those mysteries that they are hiding from her. She can solve this based on the behavior of the person. This played a huge factor in the first case as she was trying to figure ou t whether a man was a girls father or a fraud.7.She is right in many cases that women have more perspective in men. She is able to prove this from the fact that most of her cases involve men doing something to or hiding something from a woman. In the novel she uses her woman perspective and observation to crack the secret from a man cheating on his wife. She was able to do this because of the experiences she had been through with men. She comically cuttings the lawyers arrogance by saying how she has observed more that he hasnt observed like his fly being unzipped.8.She is articulating that thinking and getting worked up over something is not worth it. People just need to run low on or fix these problems that they have. This will better your life making it easier to move on. Even though Mma Ramotswe has an extremely busy and tense life, that motivation gives her peace and stability because she knows she will fix it and move on towards a positive fashion in her life.9.Mma Ramotswe marries noe because she feels that he is an interesting man that you do not come around everyday. She also feels that she can solve all of his problems and make him a better person. His smooth talk sincerely got her to fall for him. This makes her a much deeper and more complicated character because she brings so much controversy and stupidity. This makes her deeper because she now seems more like a real person who makes mistakes just like everyone. Her abusive marriage with Note changes her outlook on men and the trust that she has in each one. As bad as the relations were, it helped her in the long run as the experience gave her perspective on many men she was dealing with. It really ruined her interest in marrying any other man because of the fear.10.Mma Ramotswe is not stereotyping about white people when she says this. In the culture of white people, some work and make money, but just keep on working to keep bringing in the money. Thats how their lives work. She is completel y correct when she says they dont enjoy because these people do take the clock time to enjoy it every now and then, but they cannot just stop what they are doing because all that money will lento go away. Mma Ramotswe lives her life to bring triumph to herself and to her family. Life to her is more than just money. What is most refreshing to her is happiness and the beauty of the world around her. Other differences in white and black cultures that are shown in the book are the relationships between men and women. In the black culture, choosing a wife or a husband is an extremely fast process while in white culture it takes a long time to make that decision.11.The aspects of traditional Africa that contradicts her are the status and lack of power control that women have. They do not get a say in things like marriage and family duty. There is such a contradiction with her and gray-headed Africa because her whole lifestyle is based on the power that women are given in the modern er a. Without that her whole career and a huge aspect of life would not exist.12.When Mr. J.L.B. Maketoni proposed to Mma Ramotswe the first time, I knew that this relationship would come up again in this book. I wasnt surprised went she said no the first time because of all she has been through but as the story went on and their relationship grew, I knew they were going to end up getting married. It was the perfect ending to that novel.13. No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency draws upon this knowledge through Mma Ramotswes observation skills and actions while solving a mystery. The tactics she uses are explained in-depth and are helpful in learning about detective work. In this book lawyers and the police did not play a big role in this private detective work. They only played a role when charges were being made and when the case was almost closed.14.I do not believe that this is a feminist novel whatsoever as these stories are compelling to all genders. I do not believe it depicts men, but gives many different example of true actions men take part in. It doesnt say that woman are always right and do not make mistakes because they do make mistakes and take part in misuse acts as well. I believe the author did a great job of representing Mma Ramotswe as I was shocked to find out a man wrote this book. I felt like Mma Ramotswe was telling me the story.15.This story shows basic story telling by the usage of many different mysteries Mma Ramotswe solves in this book. It is sophisticated for her outlook on certain situations and the power of observation of woman. This book teaches you to not give up on a dream based on a certain demarcation line or social status. It teaches you to pursue your dreams and make the world youre involved in positive at the same time. It also teaches to cherish happiness and what is given to you in this world.

Quality Assurance Question Bank

Question bank Q1. Why softw ar ask to be well-tried? Ans. Every softwargon intersection needs to be tried since the dampenment suffice is unable to produce defect free softw be. Even if the phylogenesis serve is able to produce defect free parcel system program, we leave behind not be able to know unless & until we send awayvass it. With forth examen it, we sh every last(predicate) not be having enough arrogance that it will deform. exam not only identifies and reports defect plainly also measures the quality of the harvest-tide, which helps to decide whether to release the yield, or not. Q2.What is the reason that softw atomic second 18 system has glitchs? Ans. Following factors contri moreovere to the presence of exploits in the softwargon system coatings- a. Softw atomic number 18 tuition withalls the like visual whoresons, class libraries, compilers, scripting tools, etc. usually enwrap their profess hemipterans in the system. b. To err is human. to a fault programmers do make mistakes while programming c. In fast-changing contrast environments continuously modified requirements are becoming a fact of life. Such frequent changes pass on by the customer leads to errors in the finishing al pointy nearing comp allowion.Last s programme changes leads to m all chaos like re intention of the consentient system, rescheduling of engineers, scrapping of the work already completed, tonic requirements of compatible grievousware etc d. A quickly written only poorly scrolled recruit is bound to have bugs. It becomes difficult to maintain and metamorphose much(prenominal) enactment that is badly written or poorly documented. its spoiled to maintain and modify code that is badly written or poorly documented the publication is bugs. In many governings counseling departs no incentive for programmers to document their code or write clear, understandable, maintainable code.In fact, its usually the opposite they grasp poin ts more often than not for quickly turning surface code, and at that place as jobs pledge if nobody else can understand it (if it was hard to write, it should be hard to read). e. When tolerate deadlines come too close & time pressures come, mistakes are bound to come Q3. What is the deflexion surrounded by QA and experimenting? Ans. QA stands for role assertion, and focuses on Pr yettion of defects in the intersection being developed. It is associated with the Process and activities related to the Process Improvement. attri exclusivelye Assurance measures the quality of the motiones occupied to manufacture a quality product. Whereas Testing refers to Quality Control, and focuses on Detection of blot and removal thereafter. Or Quality Control measures the quality of a product. Q4. What is the divergence amongst Software Testing and Debugging? Ans. Testing is the physical exploit of locating or identifying the errors or bugs in a software system. Whereas Debugging is the functioning of Fixing the determine Bugs. It involves a litigate of analyzing and rectifying the syntax errors, logic errors and all other types of errors identified during the process of laddering.Q5. What is the inconsistency betwixt a Bug and a Defect? Ans. Bug is a line or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testing. Bug is answerable for trouble of the application to comply with the sought after specifications. Whereas Defect is problem reported by the customer during usage of the software application. Q6. What is the departure amidst a Bug and an Enhancement? Ans. Bug is a problem or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testing.Bug is responsible for failure of the application to comply with the desired specifications. Whereas Enhancement is the additional take or functionality found and added to the application as desired by the end exploiter / very word customer or tester during the test process. Q7. What is the discrimination between Requirements & Specifications? Ans. Requirements are statements given by the customer as to what needs to be achieved by the software system. Later on these requirements are converted into specifications which are nothing but feasible or implementable requirements.Whereas Specifications are feasible requirements guessd from various statements given by the customer. These are the starting point for the product development team. Q8. What is the difference between curb and test copy? Ans. Verification involves reviews and meetings to valuate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications to patronise whether items, processes, services, or documents conform to specify requirements or not. This can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and direction meetings. The purpose f stay is to determine whether the products of a given phase of the software development cycle fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase or not. Whereas governance is the determination of the correctness of the final program or software product produced from a development intercommunicate with assess to the user needs and requirements. This involves true testing of the product and takes place after verifications are completed. Software Verification raises the question, Are we building the increase Right? that is, does the software conform to its specification. Software ecesis raises the question, Are we building the Right Product? that is, the software doing what the user really requires. Q9. What is difference between Waterfall mould and V Model? Ans. Waterfall Model Is a sequential software development shape (a process for the creation of software) in which development is gossipn as flowing steadily overpowerwards (like a waterfall)through the phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing ( governing body),integration, and maintenance. To follow the waterfall model, we proceed from one phase to the next in a subtlely sequential manner.In traditional waterfall model, testing comes at the furthest end of the development process. Whereas V Model or Life cycle per second Testing involves carrying out verification of consistency, completeness and correctness of software at every give of the development life cycle. It aims at catching the defects as early as possible and frankincense reduces the embody of fixing them. It involves continuously testing the system during all stages of the development process rather than just limiting testing to the last stage. Q10. What are baseline Documents? Ans.Baseline documents are the documents, which have been approved by the customer and will not have any more changes. Baseline Documents cover all the details of the project and have undergone walkthrough process. Once a document is Base-lined it cannot be changed unless there is a change request duly approved by the customer. Service L evel proportionateness (SLA) & Business Requirement Documents (BRD) are the examples of Baseline Documents. Q11. What is Defect dumbness? Ans. Defect Density Is a software metric positd as Total function of defects per LOC (lines of code).Alternatively it can be Total number of defects per Size of the Project. hither the measure of Size of the Project can be number of Function Points, Number of peculiarity Points, number of Use Cases or KLOC (Kilo Lines of Code) etc. Q12. What is Quality? Ans. Quality software is software that is reasonably bug-free, repayed on time and within budget, meets requirements and expectations and is maintainable. However, quality is a natural term. Quality depends on who the customer is and their overall influence in the scheme of things.Customers of a software development project accommodate end-users, customer acceptance test engineers, testers, customer contract officers, customer management, the development organizations management, test engin eers, testers, salespeople, software engineers, stockholders and accountants. Each type of customer will have his or her own slant on quality. The accounting department might define quality in terms of profits, while an end- user might define quality as user friendly and bug free. Q13. What is an Inspection? Ans.An limited review is a formal meeting, more formalized than a walkthrough and typically consists of 3-10 people including a moderator, reader (the rootage of whatever is being reviewed) and a recorder (to make notes in the document). The subject of the inspection is typically a document, such as a requirements document or a test plan. The purpose of an inspection is to find problems and see what is missing, not to fix anything. The result of the meeting is documented in a written report. Attendees should rig for this type of meeting by reading through the document, forrader the meeting starts most problems are found during this preparation.Preparation for inspections is difficult, but is one of the most cost-effective methods of ensuring quality, since bug prevention is more cost effective than bug detection. A14. What is sixer Sigma? Ans. Six Sigma office Six Standard Deviations from the mean. It is a methodology aimed to reduce defect levels at a lower place 3. 4 Defects Per one Million Opport social unities. Six Sigma come up improves the process performance, decreases variation and maintains consistent quality of the process output. This leads to defect reduction and improvement in profits, product quality and customer satisfaction.Q15. What is difference between CMM and CMMI? Ans. CMM means power Maturity Model developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). It is a process capability maturity model, which aids in the definition and appreciation of an organizations processes. CMM is intended as a tool for objectively assessing the ability of disposal contractors processes to perform a contracted software project. Whereas CMMI mea ns ability Maturity Model Integration & it has superseded CMM. The old CMM has been renamed to Software Engineering CMM (SE-CMM).Q16. What is Verification? Ans. Verification checkers the product is designed to deliver all functionality to the customer it typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and specifications this can be done with checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs and inspection meetings. Q17. What is Validation? Ans. Validation ensures that functionality, as defined in requirements, is the intended behavior of the product validation typically involves veridical testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q18.What is a Test forge? Ans. A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to underpin the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will help people after-school(prenominal) the test group understand the why and how of product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful, but not so thorough that none right(prenominal) the test group will be able to read it. Q19. What is a Walkthrough? Ans.A walkthrough is an informal meeting for evaluation or informational purposes. A walkthrough is also a process at an abstract level. Its the process of inspecting software code by following paths through the code (as determined by input conditions and choices made along the way). The purpose of code walkthroughs is to ensure the code fits the purpose. Walkthroughs also advance opportunities to assess an individuals or teams competency. Q20. What is Software Life Cycle? Ans. Software life cycle begins when a software product is first conceived and ends when it is no longer in use.It includes phases like initial concept, requirements analysis, functional design, internal design, keep planning, tes t planning, coding, document preparation, integration, testing, maintenance, updates, re-testing and phase-ou Q21. What is the Difference between STLC & SDLC? Ans. STLC means Software Testing Life Cycle. It starts with activities like 1) Preparation of Requirements Document 2) Preparation of Test Plan 3) Preparation of Test Cases 4) Execution of Test Cases 5) Analysis of Bugs 6) describe of Bugs 7) Tracking of Bugs till closure.Whereas SDLC means Software Development Life Cycle is a software development process, utilize by a systems analyst to develop an information system. It starts with activities like 1) Project Initiation 2) Requirement Gathering and Documenting 3) bearinging 4) Coding and social unit Testing 5) Integration Testing 6) System Testing 7) installing and Acceptance Testing 8) Support or Maintenance Q22. What is the Difference between Project and Product Testing? Ans. If any organization is developing the application tally to the client specification then it is called as project.Accordingly its testing is known as Project Testing Whereas If any organization is developing the application and merchandise it is called as product. Hence its testing is known as Product Testing Q23. How do you introduce a new software QA process? Ans. It depends on the size of the organization and the assays involved. For large organizations with high-risk projects, a serious management buy-in is required and a formalized QA process is necessary. For medium size organizations with lower risk projects, management and organizational buy-in and a slower, step-by-step process is required.Generally speaking, QA processes should be balanced with productivity, in order to keep any bureaucracy from getting out of hand. For smaller groups or projects, an ad-hoc process is more appropriate. A lot depends on team leads and managers, feedback to developers and good communication is essential among customers, managers, developers, test engineers and testers. Regardles s the size of the company, the greatest value for effort is in managing requirement processes, where the goal is requirements that are clear, complete and testable. Q24. What is configuration Management? Ans.Configuration Management (or CM) is the processes of controlling, coordinating and tracking the Standards and procedures for managing changes in an evolving software product. Configuration Testing is the process of checking the operating theater of the software being tested on various types of hardware. Q25. What is the role of QA in a software producing company? Ans. QA is responsible for managing, implementing, maintaining and continuously improving the Processes in the association and enable internal projects towards process maturity and facilitate process improvements and innovations in the organization.Tester is responsible for carrying out the testing efforts in the company. In many companies QA person is responsible both(prenominal) the roles of Testing as well as cre ating and improving the processes. Q26. What is Failure Mode and entrap Analysis (FMEA)? Ans. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis is a systematic approach to risk identification and analysis of identifying possible modes of failure and attempting to prevent their occurrence. Q27. What is Test Maturity Model or TMM? Ans.Test Maturity Model or TMM is a five level staged framework for test process improvement, related to the skill Maturity Model (CMM) that describes the key elements of an effective test process. Q28. What is the difference between API & ABI? Ans. Application Programming user interface (API) is a formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program in order to access supporting system or network services. Whereas Application Binary Interface (ABI) is a specification defining requirements for portability of applications in binary forms across different system platforms and environments.Q29. What is I V & V? Ans. I V & V means In dependent Verification and Validation. Verification typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications. Verification can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. Whereas Validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q30. What are the benefits of Software Validation? Ans. Software validation is an important tool employed to assure the quality of the software products.Few benefits are as under 1) It increases the usability and reliability of the device software, resulting in lessen failure rates, less recalls and corrective actions, less liability to device manufacturers. 2) It reduces the long term be by making it easier and less costly to reliably modify software and revalidate software changes. 3) It helps to reduce the long-term cost of software by reducing the cost of validation for each subsequent release of the software. Q31. What is the role of Design Reviews in Software Development Life Cycle? Ans.Design review is a primary tool for managing and evaluating software development projects. Design reviews allow management to confirm that all goals defined in the software validation plan have been achieved. Formal design reviews are more structured and include participation from others right(prenominal) the development team. Design reviews are documented, comprehensive, and systematic examinations of a design to evaluate the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate the capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems.Design reviews include examination of development plans, requirements specifications, design specifications, testing plans and procedures, all other documents and activities associated with the project. Q32. What is the need of Software Validation after a change? Ans. When any change even a small one is made to the software, following activities need t o be performed 1) Re-establishment of the validation lieu of the software. 2) Conducting necessary validation analysis not for the sake of validation of the individual change, but o to know the effect of the change on the entire software system. ) Conducting suitable level of regression testing to test that unaltered but vulnerable portions of the system have not been adversely affected. Regression testing is meant to provide a confidence that the software has been validated after the change. Q33. How would you win over upper management that company needs a formal QA testing team? How would you rationalize that Software quality would not improve if the company get rid of QA team? Ans. Developing amazing applications isnt the same as testing them, ut a experienced QA tester, I would rather have a developers testing application than the testers who can just plainly submit bug reports.QA team needs to build quality into software development life cycle. The bug in software design i s 15times cheaper than a bug in code. QA productivity is really hard to measure. If QA team is doing testing right, , everything just happens smoothly, but if testers mess up even a little, everyone knows about it. To be successful, QA team must create test plans, create test harnesses, create test cases and use testing tools. QA should ensure whether the application code is effectively delivering on the ances sweat requirements provided.The developers should unit test their own code and deliver perfectly good code , while QA testers should deliver code that actually addresses business needs. For a company that make software applications, a rock-solid QA department is absolutely irreplaceable. Q34. WhatQuality Assurance and Quality Control activities are done differently for COTS / GOTS project than for a traditional custom development project? Ans. The activities themselves are broadly the same, but with different stakeholders, and different detailed procedures for verification a nd validation.Often the challenge for SQA is to pin down the ownership of the requirements, which may be represented by a interlocking debate between marketing departments, technical eggheads, user groups, customer focus groups and other interested parties. Q35. What in your opinion is the role of SQA personnel with respect to inspections or testing? Ans. Formally, the role is to make the inspection process or testing process visible, both to the participants (so they can see what they are achieving, how effective they are being) and to management (so that they can assess progress and risk).In practice, SQA personnel oftentimes need to act as facilitators or coaches. They are often regarded (wrongly) as the owners or custodians of the inspection or testing process, or even as the owners/custodians of the whole software process. Part of the training and mentoring for SQA personnel should address the difficult dilemma of how to be adequately engaged in the software process withou t being come with the responsibility for it. Q36. What are the most likely quality resultant roles of choosing an inappropriate life cycle model for a software project? Ans. The most likely consequence is that the project will not deliver anything at all.Not because the lifecycle couldn? t be made to work technically, but because it will fail to contain the political tensions between stakeholders. Q37. What in your opinion, are the most important changes that occurred in the role of Software Quality Assurance during the last 5 to 10 years? Ho Ans. row awareness and importance of public domain of a function models such as SEI SW CMM, BOOTSTRAP and SPICE. changing nature of software development, especially model-based development (CASE) and component-based development (CBD). ripening need to connect software of different ages and sources.Software projects not pure software development, but including maintenance, megabucks selection and implementation, and other software ac tivities. (Perhaps software projects never were pure development, but such topics as project management, quality management and configuration management used to be taught as if they were. ) Faced with these changes, SQA needs to be both reductionist (giving close attention to the quality of components from various sources) and holistic (giving broad attention to the emerging properties of the whole assembled system, in terms of its overall fit to business requirements).As I see it, the mandate of SQA is to make defects in software products and processes visible to management. SQA fits into a place setting of software quality management where this visibility leads to corrective and safety action (not itself part of SQA), and to general software process improvement. Q38. Someone complains that during system testing the application often crashes. What likely process problem does that indicate? Ans. continuous failure to carry out proper unit testing.OR inconsistency between the d evelopment/unit test environment and the system test environment. AND ALSO management failure to respond promptly to the situation with corrective and preventative action. Q39. What exposure have you had to auditing? upcountry? External? Certification related? Ans. I have been apt as a lead assessor for ISO 9000 and also as an examiner for the European Quality Award. I have conducted internal audits and informal external assessments but not formal external audits. I have advised organizations on steps towards certification. Q40. What in your opinion are the most significant fundamental differences between SEI SW-CMM and ISO 9000-3? Ans. The main difference is what the two models tell you. ISO 9000-3 gives you a yes/no answer, whereas SEI SW-CMM gives you a more complex assessment. This implies different ways of using the models for SQA and process improvement. 1. Difference is ISO is a standard and CMMI is a model with framework. 2. Other one is Specific practices should be determinded in ISO and where as CMMI model having predefined useful specific and general practices. Q41. In your experience, who are the most important allies of SQA within an organization? Ans. SQA is a form of risk awareness, and is thence potentially allied to any senior management with a risk management focus. Within several(prenominal) companies/industries (e. g. insurance), software risks are seen as having mainly monetary consequences, and so the main ally might be the financial director. Within other companies/industries (e. g. retail), software risks are seen as having mainly customer service implications, and so the main allies may be in marketing roles.In one client, we had useful conversations with the Company Secretariat, because of the due diligence implications of some software risks. These conversations were triggered by Y2K issues, but ranged much more widely. In practice, SQA often fails to make these alliances, because it gets bogged down in obscure software technicalities and trivialities, which it is incapable of communicating effectively even to software engineers, let alone anybody else. Q42. A company recruits its first and only SQA specialist. The person is new to the area.The company is relatively young, operates in a competitive commercial domain and has no previous SQA presence. The SQA specialist feels he needs to show some results during the next 6 to 9 months. What advice will you give him? Ans. Start with a risk assessment, to identify the significant software risks and their business implications. Identify managers right off affected by these implications, who may be recruited as allies. Select a small number of issues to address in the initial phase. Try to include some quick wins, as well as some improvements that could be achieved within 3-6 months.Don? t try to do everything at once. At this stage, use whichever model you take (ISO 9000-3 or TickIT or SW-CMM or SPICE) merely as a framework, so that you know how w hat you? re doing fits into a larger picture. Q43. What advice would you give to someone who asked you where to start to introduce to their company a metrics and quality reporting program? Ans. Use the GQM approach to derive relevant metrics from personal and corporate goals. Select a small number of key metrics that will be directly relevant to project managers and/or software engineers.Put the metrics into the hands of the workers, as a tool for personal performance improvement. Q44. What is Total Quality Management? Ans. A company commission to develop a process that achieves high quality product and customer satisfaction. Q45. What is Quality Circle? Ans. A group of individuals with related interests that meet at regular intervals to consider problems or other matters related to the quality of outputs of a process and to the correction of problems or to the improvement of quality. Quality Assurance Question BankQuestion bank Q1. Why software needs to be te sted? Ans. Every software product needs to be tested since the development process is unable to produce defect free software. Even if the development process is able to produce defect free software, we will not be able to know unless & until we test it. Without testing it, we shall not be having enough confidence that it will work. Testing not only identifies and reports defect but also measures the quality of the product, which helps to decide whether to release the product, or not. Q2.What is the reason that Software has Bugs? Ans. Following factors render to the presence of bugs in the software applications- a. Software development tools like visual tools, class libraries, compilers, scripting tools, etc. usually introduce their own bugs in the system. b. To err is human. Likewise programmers do make mistakes while programming c. In fast-changing business environments continuously modified requirements are becoming a fact of life. Such frequent changes requested by the customer leads to errors in the application already nearing completion.Last minute design changes leads to many chaos like redesign of the whole system, rescheduling of engineers, scrapping of the work already completed, fresh requirements of compatible hardware etc d. A quickly written but poorly documented code is bound to have bugs. It becomes difficult to maintain and modify such code that is badly written or poorly documented. its tough to maintain and modify code that is badly written or poorly documented the result is bugs. In many organizations management provides no incentive for programmers to document their code or write clear, understandable, maintainable code.In fact, its usually the opposite they get points mostly for quickly turning out code, and there as jobs security if nobody else can understand it (if it was hard to write, it should be hard to read). e. When project deadlines come too close & time pressures come, mistakes are bound to come Q3. What is the difference betwe en QA and Testing? Ans. QA stands for Quality Assurance, and focuses on Prevention of defects in the product being developed. It is associated with the Process and activities related to the Process Improvement.Quality Assurance measures the quality of the processes employed to create a quality product. Whereas Testing refers to Quality Control, and focuses on Detection of Defect and removal thereafter. Or Quality Control measures the quality of a product. Q4. What is the difference between Software Testing and Debugging? Ans. Testing is the process of locating or identifying the errors or bugs in a software system. Whereas Debugging is the process of Fixing the identified Bugs. It involves a process of analyzing and rectifying the syntax errors, logic errors and all other types of errors identified during the process of testing.Q5. What is the difference between a Bug and a Defect? Ans. Bug is a problem or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testi ng. Bug is responsible for failure of the application to comply with the desired specifications. Whereas Defect is problem reported by the customer during usage of the software application. Q6. What is the difference between a Bug and an Enhancement? Ans. Bug is a problem or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testing.Bug is responsible for failure of the application to comply with the desired specifications. Whereas Enhancement is the additional feature or functionality found and added to the application as desired by the end user / real word customer or tester during the testing process. Q7. What is the difference between Requirements & Specifications? Ans. Requirements are statements given by the customer as to what needs to be achieved by the software system. Later on these requirements are converted into specifications which are nothing but feasible or implementable requirements.Whereas Specifications are feasible requirements derived from va rious statements given by the customer. These are the starting point for the product development team. Q8. What is the difference between Verification and Validation? Ans. Verification involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications to confirm whether items, processes, services, or documents conform to specified requirements or not. This can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. The purpose f verification is to determine whether the products of a given phase of the software development cycle fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase or not. Whereas Validation is the determination of the correctness of the final program or software product produced from a development project with respect to the user needs and requirements. This involves actual testing of the product and takes place after verifications are completed. Software Verification raises the question, Are we building the Product Right? that is, does the software conform to its specification. Software Validation raises the question, Are we building the Right Product? that is, the software doing what the user really requires. Q9. What is difference between Waterfall Model and V Model? Ans. Waterfall Model Is a sequential software development model (a process for the creation of software) in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall)through the phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing (validation),integration, and maintenance. To follow the waterfall model, we proceed from one phase to the next in a stringently sequential manner.In traditional waterfall model, testing comes at the far end of the development process. Whereas V Model or Life Cycle Testing involves carrying out verification of consistency, completeness and correctness of software at every stage of the development life cycle. It aims at catching the defects as earl y as possible and thus reduces the cost of fixing them. It involves continuously testing the system during all stages of the development process rather than just limiting testing to the last stage. Q10. What are Baseline Documents? Ans.Baseline documents are the documents, which have been approved by the customer and will not have any more changes. Baseline Documents cover all the details of the project and have undergone walkthrough process. Once a document is Base-lined it cannot be changed unless there is a change request duly approved by the customer. Service Level Agreement (SLA) & Business Requirement Documents (BRD) are the examples of Baseline Documents. Q11. What is Defect Density? Ans. Defect Density Is a software metric defined as Total number of defects per LOC (lines of code).Alternatively it can be Total number of defects per Size of the Project. Here the measure of Size of the Project can be number of Function Points, Number of Feature Points, number of Use Cases or K LOC (Kilo Lines of Code) etc. Q12. What is Quality? Ans. Quality software is software that is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets requirements and expectations and is maintainable. However, quality is a subjective term. Quality depends on who the customer is and their overall influence in the scheme of things.Customers of a software development project include end-users, customer acceptance test engineers, testers, customer contract officers, customer management, the development organizations management, test engineers, testers, salespeople, software engineers, stockholders and accountants. Each type of customer will have his or her own slant on quality. The accounting department might define quality in terms of profits, while an end- user might define quality as user friendly and bug free. Q13. What is an Inspection? Ans.An inspection is a formal meeting, more formalized than a walkthrough and typically consists of 3-10 people including a moderator, read er (the author of whatever is being reviewed) and a recorder (to make notes in the document). The subject of the inspection is typically a document, such as a requirements document or a test plan. The purpose of an inspection is to find problems and see what is missing, not to fix anything. The result of the meeting is documented in a written report. Attendees should prepare for this type of meeting by reading through the document, before the meeting starts most problems are found during this preparation.Preparation for inspections is difficult, but is one of the most cost-effective methods of ensuring quality, since bug prevention is more cost effective than bug detection. A14. What is Six Sigma? Ans. Six Sigma means Six Standard Deviations from the mean. It is a methodology aimed to reduce defect levels below 3. 4 Defects Per one Million Opportunities. Six Sigma approach improves the process performance, decreases variation and maintains consistent quality of the process output. T his leads to defect reduction and improvement in profits, product quality and customer satisfaction.Q15. What is difference between CMM and CMMI? Ans. CMM means Capability Maturity Model developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). It is a process capability maturity model, which aids in the definition and understanding of an organizations processes. CMM is intended as a tool for objectively assessing the ability of government contractors processes to perform a contracted software project. Whereas CMMI means Capability Maturity Model Integration & it has superseded CMM. The old CMM has been renamed to Software Engineering CMM (SE-CMM).Q16. What is Verification? Ans. Verification ensures the product is designed to deliver all functionality to the customer it typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and specifications this can be done with checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs and inspection meetings. Q17. What is Validation? Ans. Validation ensures that functionality, as defined in requirements, is the intended behavior of the product validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q18.What is a Test Plan? Ans. A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will help people outside the test group understand the why and how of product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful, but not so thorough that none outside the test group will be able to read it. Q19. What is a Walkthrough? Ans.A walkthrough is an informal meeting for evaluation or informational purposes. A walkthrough is also a process at an abstract level. Its the process of inspecting software code by following paths through the code (as dete rmined by input conditions and choices made along the way). The purpose of code walkthroughs is to ensure the code fits the purpose. Walkthroughs also offer opportunities to assess an individuals or teams competency. Q20. What is Software Life Cycle? Ans. Software life cycle begins when a software product is first conceived and ends when it is no longer in use.It includes phases like initial concept, requirements analysis, functional design, internal design, documentation planning, test planning, coding, document preparation, integration, testing, maintenance, updates, re-testing and phase-ou Q21. What is the Difference between STLC & SDLC? Ans. STLC means Software Testing Life Cycle. It starts with activities like 1) Preparation of Requirements Document 2) Preparation of Test Plan 3) Preparation of Test Cases 4) Execution of Test Cases 5) Analysis of Bugs 6) Reporting of Bugs 7) Tracking of Bugs till closure.Whereas SDLC means Software Development Life Cycle is a software develo pment process, used by a systems analyst to develop an information system. It starts with activities like 1) Project Initiation 2) Requirement Gathering and Documenting 3) Designing 4) Coding and Unit Testing 5) Integration Testing 6) System Testing 7) Installation and Acceptance Testing 8) Support or Maintenance Q22. What is the Difference between Project and Product Testing? Ans. If any organization is developing the application according to the client specification then it is called as project.Accordingly its testing is known as Project Testing Whereas If any organization is developing the application and marketing it is called as product. Hence its testing is known as Product Testing Q23. How do you introduce a new software QA process? Ans. It depends on the size of the organization and the risks involved. For large organizations with high-risk projects, a serious management buy-in is required and a formalized QA process is necessary. For medium size organizations with lower ri sk projects, management and organizational buy-in and a slower, step-by-step process is required.Generally speaking, QA processes should be balanced with productivity, in order to keep any bureaucracy from getting out of hand. For smaller groups or projects, an ad-hoc process is more appropriate. A lot depends on team leads and managers, feedback to developers and good communication is essential among customers, managers, developers, test engineers and testers. Regardless the size of the company, the greatest value for effort is in managing requirement processes, where the goal is requirements that are clear, complete and testable. Q24. What is configuration Management? Ans.Configuration Management (or CM) is the processes of controlling, coordinating and tracking the Standards and procedures for managing changes in an evolving software product. Configuration Testing is the process of checking the operation of the software being tested on various types of hardware. Q25. What is the role of QA in a software producing company? Ans. QA is responsible for managing, implementing, maintaining and continuously improving the Processes in the Company and enable internal projects towards process maturity and facilitate process improvements and innovations in the organization.Tester is responsible for carrying out the testing efforts in the company. In many companies QA person is responsible both the roles of Testing as well as creating and improving the processes. Q26. What is Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)? Ans. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis is a systematic approach to risk identification and analysis of identifying possible modes of failure and attempting to prevent their occurrence. Q27. What is Test Maturity Model or TMM? Ans.Test Maturity Model or TMM is a five level staged framework for test process improvement, related to the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) that describes the key elements of an effective test process. Q28. What is the difference betwe en API & ABI? Ans. Application Programming Interface (API) is a formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program in order to access supporting system or network services. Whereas Application Binary Interface (ABI) is a specification defining requirements for portability of applications in binary forms across different system platforms and environments.Q29. What is I V & V? Ans. I V & V means Independent Verification and Validation. Verification typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications. Verification can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. Whereas Validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q30. What are the benefits of Software Validation? Ans. Software validation is an important tool employed to assure the quality of the software products.Few benefits are as under 1) It increases the usability and reliability of the device software, resulting in reduced failure rates, less recalls and corrective actions, less liability to device manufacturers. 2) It reduces the long term costs by making it easier and less costly to reliably modify software and revalidate software changes. 3) It helps to reduce the long-term cost of software by reducing the cost of validation for each subsequent release of the software. Q31. What is the role of Design Reviews in Software Development Life Cycle? Ans.Design review is a primary tool for managing and evaluating software development projects. Design reviews allow management to confirm that all goals defined in the software validation plan have been achieved. Formal design reviews are more structured and include participation from others outside the development team. Design reviews are documented, comprehensive, and systematic examinations of a design to evaluate the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate th e capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems.Design reviews include examination of development plans, requirements specifications, design specifications, testing plans and procedures, all other documents and activities associated with the project. Q32. What is the need of Software Validation after a change? Ans. When any change even a small one is made to the software, following activities need to be performed 1) Re-establishment of the validation status of the software. 2) Conducting necessary validation analysis not for the sake of validation of the individual change, but o to know the effect of the change on the entire software system. ) Conducting suitable level of regression testing to show that unchanged but vulnerable portions of the system have not been adversely affected. Regression testing is meant to provide a confidence that the software has been validated after the change. Q33. How would you convince upper management that company need s a formal QA testing team? How would you explain that Software quality would not improve if the company get rid of QA team? Ans. Developing amazing applications isnt the same as testing them, ut a experienced QA tester, I would rather have a developers testing application than the testers who can just plainly submit bug reports.QA team needs to build quality into software development life cycle. The bug in software design is 15times cheaper than a bug in code. QA productivity is really hard to measure. If QA team is doing testing right, , everything just happens smoothly, but if testers mess up even a little, everyone knows about it. To be successful, QA team must create test plans, create test harnesses, create test cases and use testing tools. QA should ensure whether the application code is effectively delivering on the business requirements provided.The developers should unit test their own code and deliver perfectly good code , while QA testers should deliver code that actuall y addresses business needs. For a company that make software applications, a rock-solid QA department is absolutely irreplaceable. Q34. WhatQuality Assurance and Quality Control activities are done differently for COTS / GOTS project than for a traditional custom development project? Ans. The activities themselves are broadly the same, but with different stakeholders, and different detailed procedures for verification and validation.Often the challenge for SQA is to pin down the ownership of the requirements, which may be represented by a complex debate between marketing departments, technical eggheads, user groups, customer focus groups and other interested parties. Q35. What in your opinion is the role of SQA personnel with respect to inspections or testing? Ans. Formally, the role is to make the inspection process or testing process visible, both to the participants (so they can see what they are achieving, how effective they are being) and to management (so that they can ass ess progress and risk).In practice, SQA personnel often need to act as facilitators or coaches. They are often regarded (wrongly) as the owners or custodians of the inspection or testing process, or even as the owners/custodians of the whole software process. Part of the training and mentoring for SQA personnel should address the difficult dilemma of how to be adequately engaged in the software process without being landed with the responsibility for it. Q36. What are the most likely quality consequences of choosing an inappropriate life cycle model for a software project? Ans. The most likely consequence is that the project will not deliver anything at all.Not because the lifecycle couldn? t be made to work technically, but because it will fail to contain the political tensions between stakeholders. Q37. What in your opinion, are the most important changes that occurred in the role of Software Quality Assurance during the last 5 to 10 years? Ho Ans. rowing awareness and import ance of public domain models such as SEI SW CMM, BOOTSTRAP and SPICE. Changing nature of software development, especially model-based development (CASE) and component-based development (CBD). Growing need to connect software of different ages and sources.Software projects not pure software development, but including maintenance, package selection and implementation, and other software activities. (Perhaps software projects never were pure development, but such topics as project management, quality management and configuration management used to be taught as if they were. ) Faced with these changes, SQA needs to be both reductionist (giving close attention to the quality of components from various sources) and holistic (giving broad attention to the emergent properties of the whole assembled system, in terms of its overall fit to business requirements).As I see it, the mandate of SQA is to make defects in software products and processes visible to management. SQA fits into a context of software quality management where this visibility leads to corrective and preventative action (not itself part of SQA), and to general software process improvement. Q38. Someone complains that during system testing the application often crashes. What likely process problem does that indicate? Ans. Systematic failure to carry out proper unit testing.OR inconsistency between the development/unit test environment and the system test environment. AND ALSO management failure to respond promptly to the situation with corrective and preventative action. Q39. What exposure have you had to auditing? Internal? External? Certification related? Ans. I have been trained as a lead assessor for ISO 9000 and also as an examiner for the European Quality Award. I have conducted internal audits and informal external assessments but not formal external audits. I have advised organizations on steps towards certification. Q40. What in your opinion are the most significant fundamental differences between SEI SW-CMM and ISO 9000-3? Ans. The main difference is what the two models tell you. ISO 9000-3 gives you a yes/no answer, whereas SEI SW-CMM gives you a more complex assessment. This implies different ways of using the models for SQA and process improvement. 1. Difference is ISO is a standard and CMMI is a model with framework. 2. Other one is Specific practices should be determinded in ISO and where as CMMI model having predefined useful specific and general practices. Q41. In your experience, who are the most important allies of SQA within an organization? Ans. SQA is a form of risk awareness, and is therefore potentially allied to any senior management with a risk management focus. Within some companies/industries (e. g. insurance), software risks are seen as having mainly financial consequences, and so the main ally might be the financial director. Within other companies/industries (e. g. retail), software risks are seen as having mainly customer service implicatio ns, and so the main allies may be in marketing roles.In one client, we had useful conversations with the Company Secretariat, because of the due diligence implications of some software risks. These conversations were triggered by Y2K issues, but ranged much more widely. In practice, SQA often fails to make these alliances, because it gets bogged down in obscure software technicalities and trivialities, which it is incapable of communicating effectively even to software engineers, let alone anybody else. Q42. A company recruits its first and only SQA specialist. The person is new to the area.The company is relatively young, operates in a competitive commercial domain and has no previous SQA presence. The SQA specialist feels he needs to show some results during the next 6 to 9 months. What advice will you give him? Ans. Start with a risk assessment, to identify the significant software risks and their business implications. Identify managers directly affected by these implications, who may be recruited as allies. Select a small number of issues to address in the initial phase. Try to include some quick wins, as well as some improvements that could be achieved within 3-6 months.Don? t try to do everything at once. At this stage, use whichever model you prefer (ISO 9000-3 or TickIT or SW-CMM or SPICE) merely as a framework, so that you know how what you? re doing fits into a larger picture. Q43. What advice would you give to someone who asked you where to start to introduce to their company a metrics and quality reporting program? Ans. Use the GQM approach to derive relevant metrics from personal and corporate goals. Select a small number of key metrics that will be directly relevant to project managers and/or software engineers.Put the metrics into the hands of the workers, as a tool for personal performance improvement. Q44. What is Total Quality Management? Ans. A company commitment to develop a process that achieves high quality product and customer s atisfaction. Q45. What is Quality Circle? Ans. A group of individuals with related interests that meet at regular intervals to consider problems or other matters related to the quality of outputs of a process and to the correction of problems or to the improvement of quality.