The Fall Of Rome Essay Example for Free

The Fall Of capital of Italy EssayDuring period of government of Diocletian, roman print conglomerate gains more and more features of Western despotism. In order to strengthen the government, to regulate management of provinces Diocletian (284-303) makes complex of reformsAdministrative he divides empire into Western and Eastern (final voice in year 395) territory of Empire is divided into 10 dioceses (120 provinces)Tax instead of indirect taxes (which were quite numerous and badly-collected) he promotes the one land- poll-tax in notes or natural form (corn, wine, etc)Financial he starts promotion of valuable golden coin (together with silver and copper, which were already in use)Military he divides the soldiers into internal armies, border armies and praetorian guards increases quantity of army for 1/3 provides recruitment increases the army at account of barbarians. Such reforms although couldnt stop wrinkle of colossus with clay legs, which the Roman Empire became in 4-5 centuries, but slowed down its collapse for 1.5 centuries more. Army, officialdom and Christian church (Christianity becomes the government religion in the fourth century) these are three foundations for Roman Empire of those years.In 476 the chief of German mercenaries uncrowns the last emperor Romulus Augustulus (The Collapse Chronology). Title of emperor and the very Empire finishes its existence.The reasons of drop dead of capital of Italy were as followsIncrease of centrifugal tendencies in provincescrisis of slave-holding way of manufacturing appearance of elements of feudal society (colonate)Barbarian infringement (Germans, Hunnes, etc)the government changed into giant mechanism which spent their nationals, which often met Barbarians not as invaders, but as liberatorsPeriod of antiquity finished medium evum the new poque in the history of mankind started.What were opinions of historians and other big(p) people for fall of Rome?Montesquieu saw the main reason of fa ll in collapse of Roman military valour and simplicity, which was the result of conquest of Rome rich Western countries. The prominent English historian Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) wrote a work History of collapse and destruction of Roman Empire which has became a uncorrupted work. He considers that the Roman Empire represented period, where the humankind was the luckiest and prosperous, especially during the poque of Antonines.He analyses the reasons of fall of Rome and presents more then 20 factor, which influenced the process. His common conclusion is uncomplicated and categorical the reason is in triumph of Barbarians and religion (Edward Gibbon). R. Collingwood related Gibbons work to retrograde or historian tendency in historiography of xviii century for representatives of this tendency the history is only sightseeing of irrational forces.The other researchers of XIX-XX centuries underlined other factorsprogressive decrease of populationpenetrating of coastal antique accultu ration inside the country and its extensive expansion, as a reason of loss intensiveness and coming back to old, natural forms of economycontradictions between city and small town struggle between municipal bourgeoisie and lower classes of city and village, which leads to revolution, the expression of which are military rebellionsNegative role of ruling personality. For example, transfer of power from Marcus Aurelia to at ease the Senate looses its prestige, and power of Rome was actually based on this authorityDecrease of quantity in Roman border army, starting from Augustus period of power, which prevented stable and honest defense of Empire (History Alive cloth)Christianity and religion of sympathy for all unlucky personalities, weak and low, which appeared on the basis of mortal enmity to reality and became a lamia of Roman Empire as well as brought into naught great dead of Romans.So, taking into account everything we examined here, we can tell that the reasons of fall ar e attached with specifics of development of Rome as Empire it means that we have to see combination of factorsInternal reasons those social, economic, political, ethnic and demographic processes, which are connected with transformation of originator polices, civitases, nomes, etc. Because of all this Empire becomes unstable government. It is not enough for fall of Rome, but it is enough to weaken it.The government reached limits of its vital space.Specifics of cultural, religious and ideological developmenta) synthesis of their own cultural achievements in order to create non-contradictory system of new beliefs, based on their own traditionsb) great religious invasion from the EastAs a result of all those factors the Empire becomes weal government. The decisive role then, will play external factorsExternal factorsmeeting of economies Roman Empire consisted of developed Western provinces, zones of ancient and stable city tradition. Economic intervention destabilized position of government.Great migration of population.In such a way, the Fall of Rome was the result of influence of numerous factors.ReferencesReasons for the fall of the Roman Empire All left Rome open to outside invaders adapted from History Alive material online http//killeenroos.com/1/Romefall.htmThe Collapse Chronology online http//www.roman-empire.net/collapse/collapse-index.htmlMedieval Sourcebook Edward Gibbon General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West online http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gibbon-fall.html

The New Testament Essay Example for Free

The New Testament EssayThe New Testament is deeply rooted in what Friedrich Nietzsche called slave worship. Its sense of morals and the social values it expounds can be described as a downward pull towards a constant affirmation of a shameful human. wholeness can see the New Testament as copying the ideals of the Old Testament, for the entire Judeo-Christian message is simply, echoing Mikhail Bakunin idol is everything, humanity is nothing God is the master, humanity its slaves. As such, ethics, values and virtues that sprang from the New Testament is and will always be that of a slave race. Knowing that Jesus himself was highly influenced by Judaic tradition, one can say that the New Testament is merely a continuation of the Old Testament. The ethical atmosphere of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome were different from that of the Judeo-Christian one. The Greeks and the Romans were far more positive in their outlook of life and their civilizations were a mish-ma sh of what Nietzsche referred to as Apollonian and Dionysian elements. Whereas the Judeo-Christian God rules and controls all, the Greeks and Romans were able to construct a system of rules where Fate controls all including the gods and goddesses themselves.Unlike the Hebrew and Christian slave, the Greek human is not a product of his God yet of his passion, his capacity to reason, and his past. in that respect may be gods and goddesses, but they exist as part of a hierarchy in nature. When a man fears a god, it was because of that gods provide (and there were many a variants of such powers). A man therefore fears god because he saw god as a superior but this does not mean that he saw god as a master. On the contrary, a Greek or a Roman may hazard himself powerful enough to challenge the gods.The gods were feared because of their powers and not in the Christian sense when people fear God in fear of a brutal penalty in the afterlife. Thus, the Greco-Roman ethical atmosphere pro motes what Nietzsche called master morality. What was valued more was the capacity of human beings to rise up towards the level of a god (like bulls eyes Achilles) and not how much one has knelt before a God. There may be a noble acceptance that the actions of the gods were considered fate (as in Virgils Aenied), human actions still determine whether this or that human runs a master or a god.What is similar between the Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian the sense of ethics and sets of values and virtues is their obsession for what is ideal. Greco-Roman values are based on the philosophy of a form and center, where the form may suffer changes but its substance remain permanent. Changes may extinguish the form but the substance never perishes. Platos cave demonstrates this duality in reality. In the Judeo-Christian sense excessively resides this duality body and soul. The body may perish but the soul does not.Taking care of the soul is therefore first priority of Judeo-Christian mora lity while deciphering and understanding the substance is the first priority of Greco-Roman philosophy. This difference is highlighted by the fact that Jesuss taught his wisdom through verbal parables concentrating on morality, Homer and Virgil through their written vulgar display of the human senses in its struggle against godly intuitions, while Plato in his philosophical tracts that promoted a certain detail of idealism.This difference between Jesus and the classical writers can also be attributed to their audiences slave morality for Jesus, master morality for the classical writers. Thus, Jesus himself was continuing a tradition deep into the world of the Old Testament slaves and in fashioning himself as the Jewish messiah his teachings were meant to salvage his world the same way as Moses salvaged his. The decadence of Jewish society during the time of Jesus was reminiscent of the Hebrew society before Moses came down with the two tablets in his hands.Jewish society had become a corruption of its former radiance and the teachings of the Christ was supposed to clean away such corruptions. Whereas Homer, Plato and Virgil wrote in attempt to expose the human impression in its pure and real substance, Jesus spoke of that spirits final destination. The New Testament, in this sense, failed to realize that most of the time the journey of the human spirit is more important than its destination.

Are Offender Profiles Useful in Police Investigations?

Are Offender Profiles Useful in faithfulness of nature investigatings?In re pennyime years, thither are more and more people fall in bring forth increasingly fascinated by wrongdoer pen because of the influence of media. An example of this is the well-known criminal profile film The Silence of the Lambs, which is based on the doubting Thomas Harris novel of the kindred name. Some television envisions much(prenominal) as Millennium, Profiler and The X-Files are also based around the premise of criminal profile. However, Hicks and Sales (2006) emphasize that these portrayals support the view of profiling as an art rather than a science though these profilers have academic backgrounds and law enforcement experience. The prevalence of wrongdoer profiling has enceinte over the past terzetto decades (Snook, Eastwood, Gendreau, Goggin and Cullen, 2007), although studies rede that profiles have been found to be most effective as an additional tool, not as a declaration to spe cific evils (Wilson, Lincon and Kocsis, 19972). Using wrongdoer profiling would appear to be more beneficial than relying solely on traditional methods of detection (Ainsworth, 2001). In addition, it is important for law of nature detectives to know which plagues are connected in order to collate and compare the development between these related cases (Egger, 1984 as cited in Rossmo, 2000). This essay will contend the underlying boldnesss of both offender profiling and case gene linkage, and then argue the usefulness of these practices in criminal investigations.Offender profiling has been defined by unlike authors using various terminologies such as specific profile abstract, psychological profiling, criminal profiling and criminal personality profiling. However, the underlying concept of definitions re chief(prenominal)s the same (Jackson and Bekerian, 1997). Beauregard, Lussier and Proulx (2005) solid ground that offender profiling go outs some(a) descriptive informati on somewhat behaviours and personality of an offender by analysing crime guesswork characteristics, which mountain narrow suspects and finally crystallize the cases. Muller (2000) describes the information which the criminal profiler uses is often taken from the scene of crime, and profilers will take into account some factors such as introductory crime scene, weapons, behaviours and words to the victim and the geographic patterns of crime. Davies (1992 as cited in Beauregard et al., 2005) emphasizes that offender profiling is an investigatory tool which focus on the analysis of offenders behaviour and accordingly infers some of the criminals personal characteristics.In Europe, offender profiling is defined as attempting to produce a description of the perpetrator(s) of a criminal offence on the basis of analysis of characteristics of the incident and different background information (Stevens, 1995 10), and this definition is adopted by the Association of Chief Police Officer s Behavioural Science Investigative Support Sub-committee in UK (Ainsworth, 2000). Although the actual process of profiling differs from one profiler to another, the aim remains the same to deduce the behaviour, personality, and physical characteristics of the offender (Muller, 2000). According to Holmes and Holmes (1996), profiling has the following three main goals assessing the offender from social and psychological aspects, the evaluating suspected offenders rele wagon traint possessions, and consulting with law enforcement officials about some strategies when interviewing offenders. The process of constructing a profile of an unknown offender typically includes three stages (Snook et al., 2007). Firstly, collecting crime scene data by constabulary officers is needed and then the data will be forwarded to a profiler secondly, the profiler starts to analyze the data which stems from the crime scene and the last step is the predictions about the personality, behaviours, and demog raphic characteristics of the presumable criminal (Snook et al., 2007). Snook et al. (2007) also describe that the processes of analyzing crime scene data can be classified ad two types clinical and statistical in nature. Clinically orientated techniques are based on the profilers intuition, knowledge, experience, and training, in order to generate predictions. Comparing these with statistically oriented techniques, the latter predictions are based on descriptive and inferential statistical models which derive from the result of analysing offenders characteristics who have connected akin crimes previously (Snook et al., 2007).It would calculate that profiling can offer more accurate results in some kinds of offence (Stevens, 1995). Hazelwood and Burgess (1995) claim that some in series(p) rapes, murders, arson, child abusing are extraordinarily appropriate for profiling. Ainsworth (2000) suggests that murder and some serious sexual offences are the most common crimes for using offender profiling. In addition, Ainsworth (2001) comments that such serious, personal contact crimes bear upon attacks on strangers are the most difficult cases to wreak for the jurisprudence. Wilson et al. (1997) also point out that profiling is most useful in serial offences, because profilers can vulgarise and compare data from the various crime scenes. However, the FBI holds the point that property crimes and robberies probably are not fitting for profiling because sometimes these offences cannot reflect the personality of offenders (Ainsworth, 2000).Police forces are always required to focus their investigative efforts to identify crimes which committed by the same offender, because the majority of the crimes come from the minority of offenders (Woodhams and Toye, 2007). Woodhams and Toye (2007) believe that case linkage can be used to examine the likelihood of a series of offences being committed by the same unidentified offender when lacking suitable physical depict, s uch as DNA assure. Crime analysts analyze crime scene actions to consider whether there are some similarities in behaviours which committed by a common offender (Woodhams and Toye, 2007). In addition, Holmes and Holmes (2002) suggest that linkage analysis can identify connections between similar crimes committed by different offenders.Alison, Bennell, Mokros and Ormerod (2002) submit that offender profiling rests on two key premises in order to make profiling be possible. The first one is the behavioural consistency assumption, which nub if serial offenders commit similar offences, they must exhibit behavioural consistency. According to Alison et al. (2002), the chromosomal mutation in behaviour an offender shows must be little than the variableness in behaviour by different offenders. The second assumption relies on what Mokros and Alison (2002) have termed the homology assumption, which requires that similar offence behaviour of two offenders will match similar characterist ics (Goodwill and Alison, 2007). In addition, the process of case linkage also rests on two key assumptions. The first one is the offender consistency hypothesis, the same with the first assumption of profiling. The second assumption of case linkage is that there is variation in the way different criminals commit crimes (Woodhams, Bull and Hollin, 2007). Thus, for it to be possible to link crimes which committed by the same offender, criminals must behave in a stable but distinctive manner (Woodhams et al., 2007).In terms of the behavioural consistency assumption, it has been hypothesized that separately person has a cognitive-affective personality system which would affect the behaviour produced in a given situation (Mischel and Shoda, 1995 as cited in Woodhams and Toye, 2007). This theory implies that when people cope with situations which have a similar psychological meaning to them, they will produce similar behaviour (Woodhams and Toye, 2007). Salfati and Bateman (2005) studi ed 94 variables relating to serial homicide offences which were obtained from police case files of the Homicide Investigation and Tracking System (HITS) database in Seattle, Washington of USA. They state that serial homicidal offenders are consistent across the series of homicides in their crime scene behaviours. Bennell and trot (2002) analyzed 86 solved commercial burglaries committed by 43 offenders, they demonstrated that commercial burglary offenders are consistent in their burglary behaviours. Moreover, Santtila, Junkkila and Sandnabba (2005) studied 43 serial stranger rape cases which occurred in Finland during the years 1983-2001, they confirm that rape has a consistent thematic structure (Santtila et al. 2005 102) instead of being a haphazard parade of behaviours.Whether offenders show more consistency in some criminal behaviour than in others also has received great scrutiny. Researchers group the specific offender behaviours into domains, examine with others in order t o investigate whether offenders show greater behavioural consistency across their series of crimes (Woodhams and Toye, 2007). Grubin, Kelly and Brunsdon (2001) imply that behaviours within the domains of control and escape are less dependent on the situation and the victims behaviour, thus, the control and escape behavioural domains show greater behavioural consistency comparing with the sex and style behavioural domains. excessively that, Bennell and Canter (2002) found that target selection and entry behaviours showed relatively consistent comparing with property stolen by considering the sample of commercial burglaries. However, Goodwill and Alison (2007) direction that the situational determinants of an offence can cause enormous variation in the way of committing the offence. In addition, Goodwill and Alison (2007) also hold the point that the behavioural inferences made about an offender across a crime series are especially vulnerable to violating (Goodwill and Alison, 2007 824) the consistency condition. Similarly, Snook, Cullen, Bennell, Taylor and Gendreau (2008) emphasize that offender profiling approaches are based on the lacking a posteriori support typologies and are often based on an outdated understanding of human behaviour.In terms of the homology assumption, perhaps the empirical evidence to support this assumption is a little weak. Mokros and Alison (2002) studied the cases about the number of 100 British male stranger rapists which had some similarities in the crime scene actions. They tested whether increased similarity in offence behaviour coincided with higher resemblance in characteristics and previous convictions. The characteristics they examined including age, ethnicity, employment, education, marital status, and criminal record. They concluded that in their study, there was no evidence could prove the assumption of homology according to the relationships between crime scene and rapists characteristics. Hkknen, Puolakka and Santti la (2004) analysed the number of 189 arsons in Finland from 1990 to 2001 by using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling procedure. In order to find the associations between crime scene actions and criminal characteristics, they separate the crime scene actions into four types expressive-object, instrumental-object, expressive-person and instrumental-person. In terms of criminal characteristics, they also divided into four types adolescent, self-destructive arsonist, serial arsonist and criminal. As a result, they found that offenders who committed different types of arsons with some similar characteristics. Obviously, their study failed to offer strong empirical evidence to support the homology assumption. Similarly, Doan and Snook (2008) examined the number of 87 arsons and 177 robberies, and compared the different types and the various criminal characteristics. They melodic phraseed that the evidence is low to moderate to support the homology assumption. Furthermore, Goodwill and Alison (2007) declare that the homology assumption whitethorn be in effect in some cases but not others. Furthermore, they argue that the homology assumption whitethorn be dependent on the goal to the behaviours which influenced by situational, psychological or interpersonal factors.In terms of the second assumption of case linkage, some studies have investigated that crimes committed by the same offender can be differentiated from crimes by different criminals. Bennell and Canter (2002) studied 86 solved commercial burglaries, they found that 43 offenders had distinct behavioural features. Bennell and Jones (2005) inform that various linking features exist in different burglaries, and this inquiry also supports the assumption of inter-offender behavioural variation. However, the above studies indicate that the process of case linkage is not faultless and the linkage truth appears to vary with crime types (Woodhams et al., 2007). In contrast, Woodhams and Toye (2007) used meas ures of predictive true statement which called areas under the curve (AUCs), and they found that there was high predictive accuracy in their study of burglary.It tends to be the case that both the findings of offender profiling and case linkage will be greatly useful for solving the offences in criminal investigations. Offender profiling can inform the prioritization of suspects possessing specified characteristics (Oldfield, 1997 as cited in Woodhams and Toye, 2007 60), and case linkage can combine police investigative efforts and information from different crime scenes (Grubin, Kelly and Brunsdon, 2001). Besides that, profiles can also be used in providing interviewing skills or approaches for detectives to the potential suspect (Gudjonsson, 1992), and it is important for the trial process, because profiles can provide useful suggestions for prosecutors by assessing the accused, witnesses and juries (Wilson et al., 1997). Furthermore, Holmes and Holmes (2002) stress that linkage analysis systems not that can locate possible suspects from records of similar past offenses, but also can provide maximum information for psychological and geographic profiling efforts by means of confirming similar crimes.In spite of the usefulness of profiling and case linkage, Ainsworth (2000) is broken about that people may be over-optimistic for profiling because it has attracted such widespread public interest. Wilson and Soothill (1996) hold the point that a profile will rarely solve a crime or catch a criminal by itself, but it is designed to be an aid to the investigating police. Profiling experts also state openly that offender profiles are merely another investigative aid, they have never meant to lead exclusively to the apprehension of offenders (Ressler and Schactman, 1992 as cited in Wilson et al., 1997 8). Furthermore, Jackson and Bekerian (1997) stress that offender profiles do not solve crimes and the answers they are offered are not solutions, accordingly, prof iling should be viewed as a tool which can be passing helpful in offering some strategies, supporting information management, and improving case understanding. Similarly, Gerberth (1995 as cited in Holmes and Holmes, 2002 14) asserted that Criminal profiling is an excellent law enforcement tool. However, it is just one of many tools and does not replace good investigative techniques.Although psychologists have offered very detailed and accurate profiles in a number of renowned cases (Canter, 1994), profiles do not always have dramatic and successful results (Ainsworth, 2000). To date, there have been a couple of(prenominal) accurate and systematic tests to examine the exact usefulness of profiling even though some profiles have been proved to be accurate and have led to the conviction of offenders (Ainsworth, 2000). Studies suggest that although criminal profiling is being utilized by police agencies around the world, there is no strong evidence can show that the profiling is u nquestionable, valid, or useful (Snook et al., 2007). Accordingly, many researchers are averse to accept criminal profiling is reliable and valuable. For example, Godwin (1978 as cited in Holmes and Holmes, 2002) asserts that profiling has little effect in solving crimes, and he even describes profiles themselves are tiresome and tedious. Similarly, Levin and Fox claim that profiles are of little use in identifying the murderers, unfortunately, this tool, no matter how expertly implemented, is inherently limited in its ability to help solve crimes (Levin and Fox, 1985 as cited in Holmes and Holmes, 2002 275). Snook et al. (2007) conducted a narrative review and analysed the published literature, they concluded that the criminal profiling relied on weak standards of proof and profilers were not better than other groups in predicting the characteristics of an unknown criminal, they even declared that the profiling was extraneous and redundant in investigations. Similarly, Snook et a l. (2008) argue that criminal profiling has the potential to mislead criminal investigators, seal off the apprehension of iniquityy criminals and lead to wrongful convictions.It would seem that profilers can provide more accurate profiles than nonprofilers even though some of the above researchers are slow to see profiling as a useful tool. Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) examined profiles which conducted by professional profilers, detectives, psychologists, and students for a series of cases. Their study found that the profiles offered by the profilers were more accurate than by all of the other groups in most cases. In the sex offender case, the profilers significantly offered more accurate items such as the gender, age, and education of the offender. In addition, their study also shows that profilers can offer richer and more detailed reports (Pinizzotto and Finkel, 1990). However, with regard to the homicide case, the detectives were significantly more accurate than the profiler s in the items such as the offenders employment and residence. Kocsis and his research police squad compared the accuracy of professional profilers, psychologists, self-identified psychics, college students, and various groups of law enforcement officers. They found that the profilers provided the actual offenders in the largest number of correct predictions (Kocsis, 2003), with the accuracy rates ranging from 46 per cent to 70 per cent (Kocsis and Middledrop, 2004). However, there was a notable amount of variability within the profiler group, Kocsis and Middledrop (2004) observed that some profilers were much more accurate than others, even though the cause of the variation was still unclear, whether it was due to overall differences in the profilers skills or to specific aspects of the cases.The popularity of profiling is often seen as a measure of its success (Wilson et al., 1997). Copson (1995) shows that in UK, 29 profilers have been responsible for providing 242 instances of profiling advice between 1981 and 1994. However, Snook et al. (2008) claim that profilers always overemphasize the number of correct predictions rather than the proportion of correct predictions. Although there have been very few pieces of research which have tested both the accuracy and usefulness of profiles in live criminal cases, Copsons study Coals to Newcastle? Part 1 a study of offender profiling is one of the few studies (Ainsworth, 2001). Copsons (1995) study demonstrates that 82.6% of respondents inform that the advice they received had been useful, though only 14.1% of officers reported the profiling advice had assisted in solving the case and only 16.3% of respondents reported that the profiling advice had opened parvenu lines of enquiry. Besides that, there are more than 50 per cent of respondents said that the advice had offered new information for the case.In Copsons (1995) study, 126 officers (68.5%) reported that they would seek profiling advice again definitely in similar circumstances, though less than 50 per cent officers reported that they would definitely use the same profiler again in the similar situation. In addition, Pinizzotto (1984 as cited in Wilson et al., 1997) found that from 192 requests for profiles, actually only 17 per cent were used to help identify the suspects, however, 77 per cent of the respondents reported that the profiles had helped to focus on the investigation. Furthermore, in the earlier survey, Douglas (as cited in Snook et al., 2008) demonstrated that in USA, 46 per cent solved cases of the 192 instances were attributed to the offender profiling which provided by the FBI. Similarly, Jackson, van Koppen, and Herbrink (1993 as cited in Snook et al., 2008) showed that in Netherlands, five sixths of surveyed police officers reported some degree of usefulness about the profiling advice which provided by an FBI trained profiler. Another research shows that in USA, a significant portion of police officers hold the p oint that offender profiling has its value (Trager and Brewster, 2001 as cited in Snook et al., 2008). Similarly, Torres, Boccaccini and Miller (2006) surveyed forensic psychologists and psychiatrists through the Internet in order to examine their experiences and opinions about profiling. They found that approximately 40 per cent of these professionals feel the criminal investigative analysis is scientifically reliable or valid, and 86 per cent believe that offender profiling is a useful law enforcement tool (Torres et al., 2006).Ainsworth (2000) points out that many senior detectives do not trust the usefulness of offender profiling which provided by profilers. Copson (1995) explains that the negative views taken by senior detectives may come from the misunderstanding of profiling. Copson and Holloway (1997 as cited in Ainsworth, 2000) show that profiling helped to solve only 16 per cent of the crimes in which it was used, and identified the offender in less than 3 per cent of case s. In contrast, Ainsworth (2001) emphasizes that we should look into these figures in a little more detail because normally profiling would only be considered when the case was too difficult to be solved. Another reason is that organizations such as the FBI are reluctant to offer the figures about the successes and failures of the profiles they provide (Muller, 2000). Brittons implication that a large amount of cases have been solved by routine police work, not by offender profiling (Britton, 1997 as cited in Ainsworth, 2000). However, Canter argues that profiling has advantages in terms of the resources especially for some particular crimes comparing with that the police throw more and more resources at the crime hoping that something will turn up (Canter, 1994 21). When evaluating the usefulness of profiling, it is necessary to take into account if the profile is seen in isolation or merely as one part of more general guidance which a psychologist might provide to investigators ( Ainsworth, 2000119). Muller (2000) also emphasizes that although some profiles may lead the wrong directions to the investigation, this may only be a problem if the police place a greater amount of faith in the profile than they do in their own investigative skills (Muller, 2000 259).Another problem should be concerned is that when evaluating the accuracy of a profile, police officers are excessively subjective (Kocsis, 2003). metalworker and Alison (2001 as cited in Kocsis, 2003) found that police officers were unable to discern the difference in the amount of accurate information in two profiles, and they tended to interpret double statements by their own subjective intentions. Kocsis and Hayes investigated the perceptions of police officers concerning the utility and accuracy of the profile, also found that perception of the accuracy of a profile is quite likely to be associated with the readers perception regarding the identity of its author (Kocsis and Hayes, 2003 as cited in Kocsis, 2003 129). Kocsis and Middledorp (2004) examined a sample of 353 participants in order to explore Kocsis and Hellers findings that the relationship between ones belief of a profile and the perceived accuracy of that profile. Kocsis and Middledorp (2004) found that there is a positive relationship between belief and perceived accuracy. They point out that the extent accuracy which participants perceive depending on their beliefs in profiling. Ainsworth (2001) also suggests that the dangers of the self-fulfilling prophecy should be concerned because police officers have the cognizant sense that any psychological profile may fit some individuals, which leads to the inaccuracy. Psychologists will tend to be focus on the probabilities of offence in contrast, the police officers tend to operate in terms of guilt or innocence (Ainsworth, 2001).It would seem that it is difficult to assess the accuracy and the value of profiles. One important issue should be considered is that whethe r profiling can bring new information to an enquiry or whether the profiling can confirm those cases which the police already suspected (Ainsworth, 2001). Ainsworth (2001) implies that in many cases, it is difficult to discern the new satisfying because there may be an overlap between the information which the profiler offers and that which has already been collected by the police. In some cases, although the profilers advice may not be seem as the new information, profilers input may help police prioritize the information which they are considering (Ainsworth, 2001). Moreover, the value of profiling may depend on different cases. For example, profilers can offer deeper insights of some more serious forms of mental illness and some sexual assault cases than non-experts and some police who have little previous experience about those cases (Ainsworth, 2001).In conclusion, the future of psychological profiling and case linkage appear promising, research seems to be supporting the unde rling assumptions of these practices even though there have been few systematic and accurate studies to test the exact usefulness of offender profiling and case linkage. In terms of the homology assumption, the empirical evidence is especially weak to support it. Profiling as an additional tool plays an important role in criminal investigations, especially in serial offences. Studies suggest that profilers can provide more accurate profiles than nonprofilers. Case linkage provides a good way to collate and compare the information between related cases, thus, investigative efforts can be combined and officers can avoid the repetition of investigations. Most police officers would seek profiling advice and case linkage because of the agreement of their usefulness. However, over-optimistic vision of profiling and case linkage should be concerned because they do not always have dramatic and successful results even though many solved cases were attributed to offender profiling and case li nkage. Finally, profiling and case linkage are useful tools and cannot replace the other good investigative techniques.

Health and Safety Requirements in Nursery Setting

Health and Safety Requirements in Nursery SettingNomatter Nyawo 1. Analyse the working pr playices that need to be in place in the babys room scope to ensure that children atomic number 18 protected.The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the primary piece of regulation covering occupational health and asylum. Under this act the employers, its workers and individuals macrocosm supported harbour responsibilities to ensure safety is maintained in the nursery. A copy of the act moldiness be displayed in the main communal argona of the staff work premises. Working with children is in truth interesting it is a job that requires consecration and has to be planed very careful, you need personal skills for you to be able to communicate, problem-solving and you must have the ability to work with others. You must have skills to organise and plan activities for the children, you must know the immensity of reporting and recording what young children do and how this is used in plannin g appropriate. How to evaluate your own contribution in creating nurturing and professional servers for the children.The main purpose of legislation isTo ensure the health, safety and welfare of staff.To protect children from risks arising from activities.To jibe the use and storage of jeopardyous substances.To control the emissions into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substances.In nursery and child care setting it has been observed by Ofsted that the most effective way of ensuring that children uphold safe is to build activities into the day where adults are able to set up the children about staying safe. It will be safe(p) if you seek assistance from the road safety officers who are more experienced in teaching the road safety to the children in an informative and funny way so that the children will enjoy it.A description of the factors to take into account when planning healthy and safe indoor(prenominal) and outdoor activities and services. It is important for the nursery to have security like to have a member of staff monitor the door so that children can be signed in and out as they arrive or depart. This will minimise the risks of parents letting unknown adults into the nursery.2. Explain the various health and safety requirements that are necessary for children att turn backing the setting and describe the ways in which these health and safety requirements need to be adopted to cater for the differing age groups.The nursery have to ensure that the suitability of adults who have contact with the children promote good health, manage behaviour, maintain records and follow policies and procedures. The provision employs whether p uphold or voluntary it has a right to any other people who may be affected by its activities and have to have sufficiently aware of and practice safe systems of working in nursery settings the children are put in different groups and these will go like how old they are for exampleBabies (6 weeks to 12 months)Young t oddlers (12 months to 2 years)aged toddlers (2years to 3 years)Pre-school (3 years to 5 years)Staff should always monitor and maintain health and safety and encourage safe working. Any setting should have decease policies and procedures about all aspects of health and safety. All rooms and equipment used by children and young people should have regular checks to ensure that everything is working well and is safe. near of these checks are demand by law for instance electrical equipment must be checked by a qualified electrician at least(prenominal) once a year. The dilemma between the rights and choices of children and young people and health and safety requirements is identified by the UN Convention on the rights of the child. It identifies that children learn through exploration, making choices and during new experiences. Carers have the responsibility to identify potential hazards and judge if it is safe enough while allowing freedom to experience new learning opportunities. An example of this is to play and explain the dangers of crossing the road with a child before allowing them to do it themselves.Another example is internet safety. If a child has access to the internet the enate control setting must be used. Children are also at risk of bullying and being contacted by adults who can be a danger to them. A child needs to be warned and advised on what to do should this occur, while being monitored by their carer. In the case of a child being sick at school, for example vomiting the child has to be send home. The child may take their personal belongings and made to sit in the reception area with a sick bucket as they wait for their parents. The reception should provide a comfortable environment for the child to rest in waiting. If a child has a bump on the head that has caused a large bump or some bleeding again the child is sent home. An ambulance is called if the child has significant bleeding and discomfort or is drowsy.Regular fire drills are ca rried out to prepare the children so that they dont panic. Once they identify the alarm they should stop what they are doing and walk out calmly through fire doors and know where to line up. The staff are kept to date on a regular basis of risks. All adults have a duty of care. If a member of staff becomes aware of a risk for example if the gate has been left unlocked, it is their responsibility to gift sure it is locked and to make a report to the caretaker or head.The children are also informed on a regular basis of risks during assembly for example if the playground is too icy they are advised to be extra careful or informed if it is necessary to stay in at play times. The Health and Safety Act card has to display in a prominent place as it details safety advice. A COSHH poster covers advice on dangerous substances and how to prevent injury. Manual use operations Regulation 1992 supplements the general duties placed on employers and others by Health and Safety Regulations.3. Evaluate the procedures required to cover good hygiene and explain how this should be implemented in the nursery setting. This can be presented within a table.Young people are taught to clear and clean up tables before or after(prenominal) meals. They should be reminded about good hands hygiene when assisting with preparation of food and after visiting the lavatory.The general environment should be clean and safe.The equipment must be used and stored safelyWorking practices must promote the health and safety of children. Every employer should aware of the written statement of safety policy that is required in their setting. The Act also provides for the employees security.The workplace should be safe and not pose a risk to the employees health. Safe systems of working should be in place. Adequate substances should be stored and used safely. Appropriate information, training and supervision should be made available for health and safety of employees. Certain injuries, diseases and occurrences should be describe to the Health and Safety executive.The diagram below shows the different types of risks that need to be considered Physical risksPersonal safety risks Security risksTypes of risksEmotional risks Food safety risks free risksEffective risk management should become automatic as one becomes more experienced. For every activity one plans, they should think about the hazards, the likelihood of the hazards occurring and the control measures. If one sees a hazard as they go about their everyday activities, the simple rule is to deal with it. This can be as simple as moving a toy left on the floor or cleaning up spilt water.Risk assessment forms are used to assess hazards and identify control measures for all activities and outings. The table below shows some examples of risk assessment for two common activities for younger children.ActivityHazardControl measure cast aside modellingUse of scissorsSharp points and bladesVery young children use round ended scis sors. Ensure that children know how to use it.Containers and other material being usedThey may have held food or unsafe substances egg cleaning fluidsMake sure to put the tins in the bin.Cleaning up after the activityWet surfaces and floors present a risk of slippingAlways mop the floorsRecent rainLack of water proof clothingChildren should stay in doors4. Identify and describe what should be included in a number one aid kit for a nursery, and discuss why paediatric frontmost aid training for nursery staff is important.There has to be a first aid kit in every class and each MSA should be equipped with a first aid pouch for the playground. Small wounds can be cleaned and dressed outside with phials of purified water and dressed. The teacher is informed at the end of break. For head wounds a cold compressed applied and a letter sent home with the child giving advice on how to careA first aid kit should includePlasters in variety different shapes and sizesSmall, medium and large ster ilisedBandagesAt least two sterile dressingsTriangular bandages crimp rolled bandagesSafety pinsDisposable sterile grovesSeasonsAlcohol-free cleaning wipesSticky tapeThermometer preferably digitalAntiseptic creamDistilled water for eye cleaningIn the nursery setting, it is important for every staff to know where the first aid kit box is kept and what is in it. A named person should be liable for checking the kit and replacing missing items although anyone using an item from the kit has responsibility to report this. Ofsted states that it is good practice for first aiders to be reliable and have good communication skills and have the aptitude and ability to absorb new knowledge and learn new skills and the ability to cope stressful and physically demanding emergency procedures. low aid certificates need to be renewed in three years from the completion date of the previous qualification. It is the responsibility of the manager to keep records as regularly reviewed to ensure that staf f receive refresher training and when it is required.In the nursery setting a paediatric first aid qualification satisfies Ofsted requirements. Although first aid qualifications are essential paediatric first aid qualifications are tailored to archeozoic Years settings and cover the various situations and scenarios that staff may find themselves in. For example, resuscitation is given up on a paediatric resuscitation model instead of an adult one.As part of health and safety at work act 1974 and the associated regulations, if any setting does employ more than five staff it should have a safety policy. The policy should cover emergency procedures in the event of fire, a gas leak, joker scare and all adults should know what to do. In the case of fire, all doors and windows should be closed and the children taken out of the premises by normal routes. Children should not be left unattended. An urgent call should be made to the fire brigade by dialling 999.Under certain circumstances accidents may need to be account to health and safety executive particularly if the child is seriously injured, for example a major injury such as fractured limbs, electric shock and unconsciousness. compensate a minor accident requires an entry to be made in the accident book. Preventive measures may be as simple as having more adults supervise the children at outdoor play or there may be the need to change equipment or to put further safety protection in a place such as more matting under swings.BibliographyPenny Tassani, Kate Beith, Kath Bulman and Sue Griffin Children and young peoples workforce, Early Learning and childcare (Level 3 Diploma), Heinemann, 2010

Creation And Purpose Of The Articles Of Confederation History Essay

Creation And Purpose Of The Articles Of Confederation History EssayAfter colonies received their independence from Great Britain, to each one state was contrasting from each other and had its own tune of government. So, it was necessary for a national government to unify them, in case of any disputes that threaten the nation as a whole like the Revolutionary War. Because, the colonies were in addition unfit to face any problems it faced on as its own independent nation.The Articles of Confederation was fitted to form a loose confederation of United States and deal with foreign disputes as an undefiled nation. In essence, it was the first national government for the United States. But, the compositions of having a national government were around a long time ago. Eventually during July 1775, he submitted a brand new call for the Articles of Confederation, however no drafts were write up until 1776. At last, it became ratified by all 13 states in 1781. (146)Weaknesses of and Pro blems with the Articles of ConfederationAlthough the Articles of Confederation had the ability to bring the states unneurotic under sensation form of government, it later curtly was introduced to many problems because of how anaemic it was. Such as, Congress did not have the world-beater to dish out taxes. A big problem had arisen. on that point was an inability to raise funds prevented Congress from paying for an army. Threats could possibly be imposed a get tost our nation because Congress could not provide national defense.In addition, there was no way to carry out treaties, which made international af delightfuls painfully suffer since other weighries became unsatisfied their treaty wasnt taken in motion by the states. Congress couldnt issue trade restrictions or stop states from issuing their own standard form of money, so the country was really able to front where they were economically. It couldnt protect property rights, there was no power over state governments, a nd was dependent on whether states wanted to be involved. Articles of Confederation proved to be withal weak, so it had either to be rewritten institution or have a newly thought of disposition in total.(175)Achievements and Successes Under the Articles of ConfederationAlthough, Articles of Confederation soon proved to be unfit or low in strength, it did have some achievements and ups for training an army to fight. This helped garner international view of the United States as being an independent nation of the world. After the Revolutionary War, one of the most important things of the Articles of Confederation was red the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. This created a blueprint on how a territory could become an actual state sla really became banned in the Northwest Territory, and saving land to provide for education.Before it was proved to be too weak, the Articles of Confederation also established an ideal central government for the colonies that was not a dictatorship. Many of the colonists feared a powerful national government, the Articles created a very weak, national government, which permitted each state to become much more independent and makes decisions on its own. In Congress, every state received equal representation, disregarding its population. This prevented one state from receiving more votes than others, so every state received one vote. (172)Shays RebellionA downfall in the economy had occurred, which was created by the low in security of the Articles of Confederation targeted poor farmers the hardest, causing many poor farmers to lose everything. Unhappy with their unpaid dues and the new taxes imposed on them, a farmer by the name of Daniel Shays led a rebellion of 1,200 farmers to protest in January 1787. This became to be cognise as Shays Rebellion.Abiding by the Articles of Confederation the Congress couldnt even establish upon to put an end to the protest, because most of the protesters were former soldiers of the military itself. T he state army was the scarce army who could try to put it down. This convinced many government officials that a stronger national government was necessary for a last country and that the Articles of Confederation proved to be too weak. A stronger government was needed not hardly to be able to put down such protests, however to prevent the national turmoil that slowly led up to the upbringing of this rebellion that happened known as Shays Rebellion. (170)Key Delegates to the institutional Convention and their Contri onlyionsAfter Shays Rebellion proved how the weakness of the Articles of Confederation was obviously shown, 55 delegates from all twelve states excluding Rhode Island grouped together in the Philadelphia Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. However, they made the decision to completely throw out the Articles of Confederation and began forming a new framework for the Constitution. Some of the many aboriginal delegates at this convention were James Madiso n, George Mason, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Franklin. Some of the names of lesser known, but just as important delegates were James Wilson, Roger Sherman, William Paterson, Oliver Ellsworth Edmund, etc. apiece of these delegates played an important role in forming a new Constitution. George Washington was elected in president of the convention, and James Madison was the main author Constitution and Virginia Plan.William Paterson was the one who thought of and created the idea of the hot Jersey Plan and Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plan into forming the Great Compromise. Roger Sherman and James Wilson also created the 3/5ths Compromise. Although the circular of Rights was not added right away, George Mason is the main author of the Bill of Rights. The contributions of ideas these men made at the Philadelphia Convention played an important role in the establishment of the United States, where their ideas are still remain relevant in the Constitution. (223)Purpose of the ConstitutionIn essence, the reason of the Constitution was able to take the place of the nations weak government under the Articles of Confederation with a much stronger, national government that could fix the problems of the entire country caused by the Articles that had an impact on all states. The Constitution gave the national government new powers that it did not have before to keep stability and order in the country. Some of these powers include imposing taxes, funding money, having operate on over the states, putting treaties into action, controlling commerce, providing defense for the borders of the United States, and guarding rights. All of these powers were nonexistent in the Articles of Confederation, which kept the country remain unified.Under the Constitution, the national government could skeletal corpse upon foreign affairs, fund money through taxes, issue a standard currency, prevent uprisings by having mon ey to pay the army, and restrict a recession by maintaining economic power over the states. This demonstrates how important the Constitution was to the United States development. It solved many problems in the United States that would send the nation into crashing into the ground under the Articles of Confederation, irritate it strengthened the nation as a whole. (194)Key Issues and Compromises Regarding the ConstitutionNumerous important issues taken place during the Constitutional Convention like the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan. After long debate, the Great Compromise was created where the House of Reps would be based on proportional representation of each state, and the Senate has equal representation for each state. Another important problem was whether to have slaves count as part of the population for representation. This issue was solved by the Three-Fifths Compromise, which said that every five enslaved persons would count as three free men.This meant that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person. These arguments showed to be very important in Americas history, where the Three-Fifths Compromise, where the South supported the idea because they wanted a bigger population .While, the North opposed it. This gave an indication early on of how the country was foreshadowing the beginning to divide itself and its opposing views points. On the contrary, these compromises in this convention showed the countrys willingness to agree on problems at hand so that they could try to find compromises, instead of always fighting stubbornly for what they wanted. They did what was needed for the entire nation. (233)Organization and Structure of the New Government Under the ConstitutionUnder the rule of the Constitution, there was now a national government that the ability to efficiently run the nation. Despite the gain of power, the Constitution also limited federal power by having the three branches of government legislative, judicial, and executive . Separating the governments power into three branches and creating a system of checks and balances, every branch of government would limit the power of the other branches. With these limits on each other, not one branch could become more powerful than the other. Also, power was divided between the national and state governments because of federalism. This controlled the power of the national government.Therefore, the power of federalism and sep. of powers, many checks were placed on the national government to limit it and prevent it from receiving too much power. The creation of the Constitution was very necessary in the history of America that still did not absorb all the power. (166)Debates about Ratifying the Constitution and how the Constitution was Actually RatifiedFor the Constitution to take effect, nine out of the thirteen meaning 9/13 states had to agree or ratify the Constitution. At first, this was a hard feat to achieve because the Constitution was not liked by many sin ce different states had things to say.. Even the Federalists said that it wasnt the most perfect form of government, but was the best form of government the delegates could think of. There was a lot of arguing over problems that the delegates were debating themselves at the convention. People were arguing about the three-fifths compromise and mop up slave trade, which increased animosity between the North and the South.In addition, they argued that there was no Bill of Rights where the government would protect the rights of the citizens. The Federalists were at last able to gain followers for the Constitution after they said they would follow up with a Bill of Rights right after ratification. After, two thirds of the colonies agree to it. Finally, all 13 colonies agreed with the Constitution. . The ratification of the Constitution and the arguments for it shows how the American people came up with compromises for their problems. Instead of opposing lane another and being closed min ded, they are open to solutions and compromises. (240)Best pattern of GovernmentUltimately, the Constitution is the best form of government over the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution changes the defects of the Articles of Confederation and even goes further to fix it. The ability to tax was extremely important to parotic the nation from recessions and using a national currency. In addition, the Constitution included inalienable rights. Then, there is separation of powers which where power is equally shared among the branches.Meanwhile, the Articles of the Confederation had only the Confederation Congress which has nobody else regulated it. The new system that has been established is much more clear than the Articles of Confederation.. The clarity of the new system makes sure that everything is seen and fair before it is passed. It would take a longer duration of or must go through more judging to pass. However, it isnt as hard as passing a law using the Articles of Confed eration where you need to have all of the states unanimously agree. (162)

Essay --

There atomic number 18 many similarities and differences in the readings of Platos The illustration Cave, Descartes Mediation and The intercellular substance. These stories share an alternative lore to human beings and the implications that it is ca utilise on the individuals who are affected by this alteration. These stories share skepticism of grimness in the perception of reality. Firstly, these three stories, The Matrix, The Allegory Cave, and Mediation, share common similarities that questions the authenticity of the world around them and doubts their perceived perception of reality and its validity. Descartes discussed the possibility that everyone is reverieing and that our actions involving eye opening, moving our head, detainment and our body are illusions.(Descartes, 1641) Plato also regarded the perception of workforce who were restrained to look forward only could only perceive objects and passersby as their shadows. Plato stated that these prisoners perception of reality would be no more(prenominal) than just shadows of objects.(Plate, 514-518) The Matrix relates with Descartes theory based on the fact that in The Matrix, in that respect is a computer system that controls everyones mind in a computer-generated virtual dream world. These stories ask deeper questions on the basis of mans perception of reality and the possibility that our minds and perceptions are controlled by something else and that something else determines our reality. (Wachowski, 1999)Secondly, although these three stories share common similarities about the validity of reality, they flip distinguishing differences that separate them from one another. The Matrix depicts a stepford-like society that is completely controlled by the computer system. However, there is a group of individuals who have overcome their p... ...me where those who are living in an illusion result have to come to terms with reality eventually. The time in which that happens, those who are liv ing in the illusion will have a much harder time trying to comprehend the true reality which would cause more troubles and problems than living with the harshness in the first place. Finally, The Matrix, The Allegory Cave, and Mediation all have significant importance is revelation of the perceived perception of reality and the validity of that reality. Each story has its own unique tip to whom or what has the control over that perception. The stories give the reader the opportunity to dive deeper into this meaning of reality. The skepticism that is used is relatable in each individuals lives. Individuals have to determine what they perceive to be real and true and what they believe to be opinions that are truly false. Essay -- There are many similarities and differences in the readings of Platos The Allegory Cave, Descartes Mediation and The Matrix. These stories share an alternative perception to reality and the implications that it is caused on the individuals who are affected by this alteration. These stories share skepticism of validity in the perception of reality. Firstly, these three stories, The Matrix, The Allegory Cave, and Mediation, share common similarities that questions the authenticity of the world around them and doubts their perceived perception of reality and its validity. Descartes discussed the possibility that everyone is dreaming and that our actions involving eye opening, moving our head, hands and our body are illusions.(Descartes, 1641) Plato also regarded the perception of men who were restrained to look forward only could only perceive objects and passersby as their shadows. Plato stated that these prisoners perception of reality would be no more than just shadows of objects.(Plate, 514-518) The Matrix relates with Descartes theory based on the fact that in The Matrix, there is a computer system that controls everyones mind in a computer-generated virtual dream world. These stories ask deeper questions on the basis of mans perception of reality and the possibility that our minds and perceptions are controlled by something else and that something else determines our reality. (Wachowski, 1999)Secondly, although these three stories share common similarities about the validity of reality, they have distinguishing differences that separate them from one another. The Matrix depicts a stepford-like society that is completely controlled by the computer system. However, there is a group of individuals who have overcome their p... ...me where those who are living in an illusion will have to come to terms with reality eventually. The time in which that happens, those who are living in the illusion will have a much harder time trying to comprehend the true reality which would cause more troubles and problems than living with the harshness in the first place. Finally, The Matrix, The Allegory Cave, and Mediation all have significant importance is revelation of the perceived perception of reality and the validity of that reality. Each story has its own unique twist to whom or what has the control over that perception. The stories give the reader the opportunity to dive deeper into this meaning of reality. The skepticism that is used is relatable in each individuals lives. Individuals have to determine what they perceive to be real and true and what they believe to be opinions that are truly false.

Influences in the Teaching Environment Essay -- Psychology, Behavioral

Influences in the Teaching environsIn this country, many rookie teachers do not succeed in the first two historic period of teaching due to poor schoolroom management. They develop forgotten the essentials of running a smooth classroom, maintaining appropriate and consistent discipline and the overall pressures of teaching. Worst-case scenario, they never conditioned the essentials of classroom management. Since behavior management is one of the autochthonic areas of concern for classroom teachers each year, it is important to learn if only the fundamental principle of classroom management and how to dish out with typical behavioral issues as they arise. Learning these basics may eliminate job burnout and increase teacher survival.Harry Wongs CD, How to Improve Student Achievement, addresses classroom management in a way that just about havent done before. According to Wong, all of the things that a teacher does to organize students, space, time, and materials so that financ ial statement in content and student learning substructure take place (Wong, 2003), includes appropriate classroom management, not just appearances. Wong goes into further detail of four principles in which classroom management is premised upon communicating clear expectations to students, having an establish discipline plan that states behaviors that are expected, having consequences and rewards, and having daily routines or procedures (Wong, 2003). For this assignment, I will identify ten viable negative classroom behaviors, how they influence the classroom, and how they might be changed by different applications.Negative Behavior1.Lack of organization, order, or overall structure within the classroom.2. myopic communication between the students and the teacher.3.Student behavior is pre-empte... ... gull no sense of acceptance.ReferenceCharles, C. M. (2008). Building classroom discipline (10th ed.). Boston Allyn & BaconRosas, C., & West, M. (2009). Teachers Beliefs about Cla ssroom attention Pre-Service and Inservice Teachers Beliefs about Classroom Management. International daybook of Applied Educational Studies, 5(1), 54-61. Rosene, D., et. al., (2009, Summer) Would you like to be a student in your classroom? Science Scope, 32 (9) 6-7 http//library.gcu.edu2048/login?url=http//vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790e05ffc7b82686c1ca7acd468603eceb398af35e5a69f3ca0f3cf48932421f8401&fmt=HWong, H. K. (Speaker). (2003). How to improve student deed CD. New York Harry K. Wong Publications, Inc. Influences in the Teaching Environment Essay -- Psychology, BehavioralInfluences in the Teaching EnvironmentIn this country, many rookie teachers do not succeed in the first two years of teaching due to poor classroom management. They have forgotten the essentials of running a smooth classroom, maintaining appropriate and consistent discipline and the overall pressures of teaching. Worst-case scenario, they never learned the essentials of classroom management. Since behavior management is one of the primary areas of concern for classroom teachers each year, it is important to learn if only the basics of classroom management and how to deal with typical behavioral issues as they arise. Learning these basics may eliminate job burnout and increase teacher survival.Harry Wongs CD, How to Improve Student Achievement, addresses classroom management in a way that most havent done before. According to Wong, all of the things that a teacher does to organize students, space, time, and materials so that instruction in content and student learning can take place (Wong, 2003), includes appropriate classroom management, not just appearances. Wong goes into further detail of four principles in which classroom management is premised upon communicating clear expectations to students, having an established discipline plan that states behaviors that are expected, having consequences and rewards, and having daily routine s or procedures (Wong, 2003). For this assignment, I will identify ten possible negative classroom behaviors, how they influence the classroom, and how they might be changed by different applications.Negative Behavior1.Lack of organization, order, or overall structure within the classroom.2.Poor communication between the students and the teacher.3.Student behavior is pre-empte... ... receive no sense of acceptance.ReferenceCharles, C. M. (2008). Building classroom discipline (10th ed.). Boston Allyn & BaconRosas, C., & West, M. (2009). Teachers Beliefs about Classroom Management Pre-Service and Inservice Teachers Beliefs about Classroom Management. International Journal of Applied Educational Studies, 5(1), 54-61. Rosene, D., et. al., (2009, Summer) Would you like to be a student in your classroom? Science Scope, 32 (9) 6-7 http//library.gcu.edu2048/login?url=http//vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790e05ffc7b82686c1ca7acd468603eceb398af35e5a69f3ca0f3cf48 932421f8401&fmt=HWong, H. K. (Speaker). (2003). How to improve student achievement CD. New York Harry K. Wong Publications, Inc.