Untitled Essay Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION What is Evolution? Development is the procedure by which all life thingshave developed from crude beings through alterations happening overbillions of old ages, a procedure that includes all animate beings and workss. Precisely howevolution occurs is still a affair of argument, but there are many differenttheories and that it occurs is a scientific fact. Biologists agree that all livingthings come through a long history of alterations shaped by physical andchemical procedures that are still taking topographic point. It is possible that all organismscan be traced back to the beginning of Life from one celled organims.The most direct cogent evidence of development is the scientific discipline of Paleontology, orthe survey of life in the yesteryear through dodo remains or feelings, normally inrock. Changes occur in life beings that serve to increase theiradaptability, for endurance and reproduction, in altering environments.Evolution seemingly has no constitutional way intent. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper BODYINTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A given sort oforganism may germinate merely when it occurs in a assortment of signifiers differing inhereditary traits, that are passed from parent to offspring. By opportunity, somevarieties prove to be badly adapted to their current environment and thusdisappear, whereas others prove to be adaptative, and their Numberss increase.The riddance of the unfit, or the endurance of the fittest, is known asNatural Selection because it is nature that discards or favours aarticular being. Evolution takes topographic point merely when natural choice operates on apopulation of beings incorporating diverse inheritable signifiers. History Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis ( 1698-1759 ) was the first topropose a general theory of development. He said that familial stuff, dwelling of atoms, was transmitted from parents to offspring. His opinionof the portion played by natural choice had small influence on other naturalists. Until the mid-19th century, naturalists believed that each species wascreated individually, either through a supreme being or through spontaneousgeneration the construct that organisms arose to the full developed from dirt or H2O. Thework of the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus in progressing the sorting ofbiological beings focused attending on the close similarity between certainspecies. Guess began as to the being of a kind of blood relationshipbetween these species. These inquiries coupled with the emerging scientific disciplines ofgeology and palaeontology gave rise to hypotheses that the life-forms of the dayevolved from earlier signifiers through a procedure of alteration. Highly of import wasthe realisation that different beds of stone represented different clip periods andthat each bed had a typical set of dodos of life-forms that had lived in the yesteryear. Lamarckism Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of several theoreticians who proposed anevolutionary theory based on the usage and neglect of variety meats. Lamarck stated thatan single acquires traits during its life-time and that such traits are in some wayput into the familial stuff and passed to the following coevals. Thiswas an effort to explicate how a species could alter bit by bit over time.According to Lamarck, camelopard, for illustration, have long cervixs because for manygenerations single giraffes stretched to make the uppermost foliages of trees, ineach coevals the camelopard added some length to their cervixs, and they passed thison to their progeny. New variety meats arise from new demands and develop inthe extent that they are used, neglect of variety meats leads totheir disappearing. Subsequently, the scientific discipline of Genetics disproved Lamarck # 8217 ; s theory, itwas found that acquired traits can non be inherited. Malthus Thomas Robert Malthus, an English reverend, through his work An Essayon the Principle of Population, had a great influence in directing naturalists towarda theory of natural choice. Malthus proposed that environmental factors such asfamine and disease limited population growing. Darwin After more than 20 old ages of observation and experiment, Charles Darwinproposed his theory of development through natural choice to the Linnean Societyof London in 1858. He presented his find along with another Englishnaturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently discovered natural choice atabout the same clip. The undermentioned twelvemonth Darwin published his full theory, supported with tremendous grounds, in On the Origin of Species. Geneticss The part of genetic sciences to the apprehension of development hasbeen the account of the heritage in persons of the same species. GregorMendel discovered the basic rules of heritage in 1865, but his work wasunknown to Darwin. Mendel # 8217 ; s work was rediscovered by other scientists around1900. From that clip to 1925 the scientific discipline of genetic sciences developed quickly, and manyof Darwin # 8217 ; s thoughts about the heritage of fluctuations were found to be incorrect.Only since 1925 has natural choice once more been recognized as essentialin development. The modern theory of development combines the findings of moderngenetics with the basic model supplied by Darwin and Wallace, making thebasic rule of Population Genetics. Modern population genetic sciences was developedlargely during the 1930s and # 8217 ; 40s by the mathematicians J. B. S. Haldane and R. A.Fisher and by the life scientists Theodosius Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord SIMPSON, Sewall Wright, Berhard Rensch, and G. LedyardStebbins. Harmonizing to the theory, variableness among persons in a population ofsexually reproducing beings is produced by mutant and geneticrecombination. The resulting familial variableness is capable to natural choice in theenvironment. Population GENETICS The word population is used in a particular sense to depict development. Thestudy of individual persons provides few hints as to the possible results ofevolution because individual persons can non germinate in their life-time. An individualrepresents a shop of cistrons that participates in development merely when those cistrons arepassed on to farther coevalss, or populations. The cistron is the basic unit in thecell for conveying familial features to offspring. Persons are unitsupon which natural choice operates, but the tendency of development can be tracedthrough clip merely for groups of crossbreeding persons, populations can beanalyzed statistically and their development predicted in footings of norm Numberss. The Hardy-Weinberg jurisprudence, which was discovered independently in 1908 bya British mathematician, Godfrey H. Hardy, and a German doctor, WilhelmWeinberg, provides a criterion for quantitatively mensurating the extent ofevolutionary alteration in a population. The jurisprudence states that the cistron frequences, orratios of different cistrons in a population, will stay changeless unless they arechanged by outside forces, such as selective reproduction and mutant. Thisdiscovery reestablished natural choice as an evolutionary force. Comparing theactual cistron frequences observed in a population with the frequences predicted, bythe Hardy-Weinberg jurisprudence gives a numerical step of how far the populationdeviates from a nonevolving province called the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Given alarge, indiscriminately engendering population, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will holdtrue, because it depends on the Torahs of chance. Changes are produced in thegene pool through mutants, cistron flow, familial impetus, and natural choice. Mutant A mutant is an inheritable alteration in the character of a cistron. Mutationsmost frequently occur spontaneously, but they may be induced by some externalstimulus, such as irradiation or certain chemicals. The rate of mutant in worlds isextremely low ; however, the figure of cistrons in every sex cell, is so big thatthe chance is high for at least one cistron to transport a mutant. Gene Flow New cistrons can be introduced into a population through new breedingorganisms or gametes from another population, as in works pollen. Gene flow canwork against the procedures of natural choice. Familial Drift A alteration in the cistron pool due to opportunity is called familial impetus. Thefrequency of loss is greater the smaller the population. Therefore, in little populationsthere is a inclination for less fluctuation because couples are more similar genetically. Natural Choice Over a period of clip natural choice will ensue in alterations in thefrequency of allelomorphs in the cistron pool, or greater divergence from the nonevolvingstate, represented by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. New SPECIES New species may germinate either by the alteration of one species to another orby the splitting of one species into two or more new species. Splitting, thepredominant manner of species formation, consequences from the geographical isolation ofpopulations of species. Isolated populations undergo different mutants, andselection force per unit areas and may germinate along different lines. If the isolation is sufficientto prevent crossbreeding with other populations, these differences may becomeextensive plenty to set up a new species. The evolutionary alterations broughtabout by isolation include differences in the generative systems of the group.When a individual group of organisms diversifies over clip into several subgroups byexpanding into the available niches of a new environment, it is said to undergoAdaptive Radiation. Darwin # 8217 ; s Finches, in the Galapagos Islands, West of Ecuador, illustrateadaptive radiation. They were likely the first land birds to make the islands, and, in the absence of competition, they occupied several ecological home grounds anddiverged along several different lines. Such forms of divergency are reflected inthe life scientists # 8217 ; strategy of categorization of beings, which groups together animalsthat have common features. An adaptative radiation followed the foremost conquestof land by craniates. Natural choice can besides take populations of different species populating insimilar environments or holding similar ways of life to germinate similar characteristics.This is called convergent development and reflects the similar selective force per unit area ofsimilar environments. Examples of convergent development are the oculus in cephalodmollusks, such as the octopus, and in craniates ; wings in insects, nonextant flyingreptiles, birds, and chiropterans ; and the flipperlike extremities of the sea polo-neck ( reptilian ) , penguin ( bird ) , and seahorse ( mammal ) . MOLECULAR EVOLUTION An spring of new grounds back uping development has come in the 20thcentury from molecular biological science, an unknown field in Darwin # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours. Thefundamental dogma of molecular biological science is that cistrons are coded sequences of theDNA molecule in the chromosome and that a cistron codifications for a precise sequence ofamino acids in a protein. Mutants alter DNA chemically, taking to modified ornew proteins. Over evolutionary clip, proteins have had histories that are astraceable as those of large-scale constructions such as castanetss and dentitions. The farther inthe yesteryear that some hereditary stock diverged into contemporary species, the moreevident are the alterations in the amino-acid sequences of the proteins of thecontemporary species. PLANT EVOLUTION Biologists believe that workss arose from the multicellular green algae ( phylum Chlorophyta ) that invaded the land about 1.2 billion old ages ago. Evidence isbased on modern green algae holding in common with modern workss the samephotosynthetic pigments, cell walls of cellulose, and multicell signifiers holding a lifecycle characterized by Alternation Of Generations. Photosynthesis about certainlydeveloped foremost in bacterium. The green algae may hold been preadapted to land. The two major groups of workss are the nonvascular plants and the vascular plants ; the two groups most likely diverged from one common group of workss. Thebryophytes, which lack complex carry oning systems, are little and are found inmoist countries. The vascular plant s are workss with efficient carry oning systems ; theydominate the landscape today. The seed is the major development in vascular plants, and it is most of import for endurance on land. Fossil grounds indicates that land workss foremost appeared during the SilurianPeriod of the Paleozoic Era ( 425-400 million old ages ago ) and diversified in theDevonian Period. Near the terminal of the Carboniferous Period, fernlike workss hadseedlike constructions. At the stopping point of the Permian Period, when the land became drierand colder, seed workss gained an evolutionary advantage and became the dominantplants. Plant foliages have a broad scope of forms and sizes, and some fluctuations ofleaves are versions to the environment ; for illustration, little, leathery foliages foundon workss in dry climes are able to conserve H2O and gaining control less visible radiation. Besides, early flowering plants adapted to seasonal H2O deficits by dropping their leavesduring periods of drouth. Evidence FOR Development The Fossil Record has of import penetrations into the history of life. The orderof dodos, get downing at the underside and lifting upward in graded stone, corresponds totheir age, from oldest to youngest. Deep Welsh stones, up to 570 million old ages old, contain the remains ofvarious marine invertebrate animate beings, sponges, Portuguese man-of-war, worms, shellfish, starfish, and crustaceans. These invertebrates were already so good developed that they musthave become differentiated during the long period predating the Welsh. Somefossil-bearing stones lying good below the oldest Welsh strata contain imprints ofjellyfish, paths of worms, and hints of soft corals and other animate beings of uncertainnature. Paleozoic Waterss were dominated by arthropods called trilobites and largescorpionlike signifiers called eurypterids. Common in all Paleozoic periods ( 570-230million old ages ago ) were the nautiloid, which are related to the modern nautilus, andthe lamp shells, or brachiopods. The uneven graptolites, colonial animate beings whosecarbonaceous remains resemble pencil Markss, attained the extremum of theirdevelopment in the Ordovician Period ( 500-430 million old ages ago ) and thenabruptly declined. In the mid-1980s research workers found fossil carnal tunnels inrocks of the Ordovician Period ; these hint dodos indicate that terrestrialecosystems may hold evolved sooner than was one time thought. Many of the Paleozoic Marine invertebrate groups either became nonextant ordeclined aggressively in Numberss before the Mesozoic Era ( 230-65 million old ages ago ) .During the Mesozoic, shelled ammonites flourished in the seas, and insects andreptiles were the prevailing land animate beings. At the stopping point of the Mesozoic the once-successful Marine ammonites perished and the reptilian dynasty collapsed, givingway to birds and mammals. Insects have continued to boom and hold differentiatedinto a astonishing figure of species. During the class of development works and animate being groups have interacted toone another # 8217 ; s advantage. For illustration, as blossoming workss have become lessdependent on air current for pollenation, a great assortment of insects have emerged asspecialists in transporting pollen. The colourss and aromas of flowers hold evolvedas versions to pull insects. Birds, which feed on seeds, fruits, and buds, haveevolved quickly in confidant association with the blossoming workss. The emergence ofherbivorous mammals has coincided with the widespread distribution of grasses, and the herbivorous mammals in bend have contributed to the development ofcarnivorous mammals. Fish and Amphibians During the Devonian Period ( 390-340 million old ages ago ) the huge land areasof the Earth were mostly populated by carnal life, salvage for rare animals likescorpions and millepedes. The seas, nevertheless, were crowded with a assortment ofinvertebrate animate beings. The fresh and salt Waterss besides contained cartilaginous andbony Fish. From one of the many groups of fish inhabiting pools and swampsemerged the first land craniates, get downing the craniates on their conquering of allavailable tellurian home grounds. Among the legion Devonian aquatic signifiers were the Crossopterygii, lobe-finned fish that possessed the ability to quaff air when they rose to the surface.These ancient air- external respiration fish represent the stock from which the foremost landvertebrates, the amphibious vehicles, were derived. Scientists continue to speculate aboutwhat led to venture onto land. The lobefins that migrated onto land wereonly crudely adapted for tellurian being, but because they did non encountercompetitors, they survived. Lobe-finned fish did, nevertheless, possess certain features that servedthem good in their new environment, including crude lungs and internal anterior nariss, both of which are indispensable for take a breathing out of the water.Such features, called preadaptations, did non develop because the others werepreparing to migrate to the land ; they were already present by accident and becameselected traits merely when they imparted an advantage to the fish on land. The early land-dwelling amphibious vehicles were thin-bodied with fishlike dress suits, butthey had limbs capable of motive power on land. These limbs likely developedfrom the sidelong fives, which contained heavy lobes that in bend contained bonyelements. The antediluvian amphibians neer became wholly adapted for being onland, nevertheless. They spent much of their lives in the H2O, and their moderndescendants, the salamanders, newts, toads, and toads # 8211 ; still must return to H2O todeposit their eggs. The riddance of a water-dwelling phase, which was achievedby the reptilians, represented a major evolutionary progress. The Reptilian Age Possibly the most of import factor lending to the going of reptilesfrom the amphibious vehicles was the development of a shell- covered egg that could be laidon land. This development enabled the reptilians to distribute throughout the Earth # 8217 ; slandmasses in one of the most dramatic adaptative radiations in biological history. Like the eggs of birds, which developed subsequently, reptilian eggs contain acomplex series of membranes that protect and nourish the embryo and aid itbreathe. The infinite between the embryo and the amniotic sac is filled with an amnioticfluid that resembles seawater ; a similar fluid is found in the foetuss of mammals, including worlds. This fact has been interpreted as an indicant that life originatedin the sea and that the balance of salts in assorted organic structure fluids did non alteration verymuch in development. The membranes found in the human embryo are essentiallysimilar to those in reptilian and bird eggs. The human yolk pouch remains little andfunctionless, and the exhibits have no development in the human embryo.Nevertheless, the presence of a yolk pouch and allantois in the human embryo is oneof the strongest pieces of grounds documenting the evolutionary relationshipsamong the widely differing sorts of craniates. This suggests that mammals, including worlds, are descended from animate beings that reproduced by agencies ofexternally laid eggs that were rich in yolk. The reptilians, and in peculiar the dinosaurs, were the dominant landanimals of the Earth for good over 100 million old ages. The Mesozoic Era, duringwhich the reptilians thrived, is frequently referred to as the Age of Reptiles. In footings of evolutionary success, the larger the animate being, the greater thelikelihood that the animate being will keep a changeless Body Temperature independentof the environmental temperature. Birds and mammals, for illustration, bring forth andcontrol their ain organic structure heat through internal metabolic activities ( a province known asendothermy, or warm-bloodedness ) , whereas today # 8217 ; s reptilians are thermally unstable ( inhuman ) , modulating their organic structure temperatures by behavioural activities ( thephenomenon of ectothermy ) . Most scientists regard dinosaurs as lumbering, oversized, inhuman lizards, instead than big, lively, animate beings with fast metabolicrates ; some life scientists, nevertheless # 8211 ; notably Robert T. Bakker of The Johns HopkinsUniversity # 8211 ; assert that a immense dinosaur could non perchance have warmed up everymorning on a cheery stone and must hold relied on internal heat production. The reptilian dynasty collapsed before the stopping point of the Mesozoic Era.Relatively few of the Mesozoic reptilians have survived to modern times ; thoseremaining include the Crocodile, Lizard, serpent, and polo-neck. The cause of the declineand decease of the big array of reptilians is unknown, but their disappearing isusually attributed to some extremist alteration in environmental conditions. Like the elephantine reptilians, most line of descents of beings have finally becomeextinct, although some have non changed appreciably in 1000000s of old ages. Theopossum, for illustration, has survived about unchanged since the late CretaceousPeriod ( more than 65 million old ages ago ) , and the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus, is notvery different from fossils 500 million old ages old. We have no account for theunexpected stableness of such beings ; possibly they have achieved an almostperfect accommodation to a unchanging environment. Such stable signifiers, nevertheless, arenot at all dominant in the universe today. The human species, one of the dominantmodern life signifiers, has evolved quickly in a really short clip. The Rise of Mammals The diminution of the reptilians provided evolutionary chances for birds andmammals. Small and invisible during the Mesozoic Era, mammals rose tounquestionable laterality during the Cenozoic Era ( get downing 65 million yearsago ) . The mammals diversified into Marine signifiers, such as the giant, mahimahi, seal, and seahorse ; fossorial ( adapted to delving ) signifiers populating underground, such asthe mole ; winging and gliding animate beings, such as the chiropteran and winging squirrel ; andcursorial animate beings ( adapted for running ) , such as the Equus caballus. These variousmammalian groups are good adapted to their different manners of life, particularly bytheir extremities, which developed from common ascendants to go specializedfor swimming, flight, and motion on land. Although there is small superficial resemblance among the arm of a individual, the fin of a giant, and the wing of a chiropteran, a closer comparing of their skeletalelements shows that, bone for bone, they are structurally similar. Biologists regardsuch structural similarities, or homologies, as grounds of evolutionary relationships.The homologous limb castanetss of all four-legged craniates, for illustration, areassumed to be derived from the limb castanetss of a common ascendant. Biologists arecareful to separate such homologous characteristics from what they call analogousfeatures, which perform similar maps but are structurally different. Forexample, the wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly are correspondent ; both areused for flight, but they are wholly different structurally. Analogous constructions donot indicate evolutionary relationships. Closely related dodos preserved in uninterrupted sequences of stone stratahave allowed evolutionists to follow in item the development of many species as it hasoccurred over several million old ages. The lineage of the Equus caballus can be tracedthrough 1000s of dodo remains to a little terrier-sized animate being with four toes onthe front pess and three toes on the hind pess. This ascendant lived in the EoceneEpoch, approximately 54 million old ages ago. From dodos in the higher beds of stratifiedrock, the Equus caballus is found to hold bit by bit acquired its modern signifier by eventuallyevolving to a one-toed Equus caballus about like modern Equus caballuss and eventually to the modernhorse, which dates back about 1 million old ages. Decision TO EVOLUTION Although we are non wholly certain that development is how we got the manner weare now, it is a strong belief among many people today, and scientist are findingmore and more grounds to endorse up the evolutionary theory.

Bios For Loveline essays

Bios For Loveline essays Adam Carolla is the funny guy behind Westwood Ones Loveline. Adam Carolla and co-host Dr. Drew Pinsky dispense their original style of humor and advice on love, romance and relationships. In December 1996, Carolla and his co-host, Dr. Drew Pinsky, took their successful radio program to MTV and last year they published their advice on a myriad of subjects in their first book entitled The Dr. Drew and Adam Book: A Survival Guide to Life and Love. Adam Carolla can also be seen on Comedy Centrals The Man Show, with Jimmy Kimmel of Win Ben Steins Money. For Carolla, becoming qualified to discuss issues surrounding matters of the heart in a fun yet sincere manner is a combination of upbringing and a good sense of timing. His father is a psychologist, and his 82-year-old grandmother is a sex therapist. To perfect his timing, Carolla spent years training with the famous Groundling's and ACME Improv groups in Los Angeles. He also spent considerable time on the boards as a stand-up comedian. An experienced carpenter and boxing instructor, Carolla developed the character Mr. Birchum, the Shop Teacher, which he brought to the KROQ-FM morning show in Los Angeles. It was Carollas appearances on KROQs morning show that caught the attention of Dr. Drew and the station brass who brought him onto Loveline to add a few laughs. Things worked out great, so they decided to bring him on as a regular host. Raised in North Hollywood, Carolla enjoys sports and is an accomplished writer. He also loves anything done by Aaron Spelling and believes the best-written show on the air is The Simpsons. Carolla has a simple philosophy: Figure out what you wanna do, then take a nap. Dr. Drew Pinsky is best known as Dr. Drew, the warm, sincere beacon of advice on Loveline, Westwood Ones radio call-in show. After receiving his undergraduate degree from Amherst College and his...

One of the exhibits from San Francisco academy of science museum that Essay

One of the exhibits from San Francisco academy of science museum that relates to physical anthropology - Essay Example nt life forms is to gain a detailed understanding regarding the evolution of modern species of animals, including human beings, which posit a relation to physical anthropology. Additionally, the paper attempts to highlight the behavioral patterns of these life forms. Through these exhibits, it is possible to piece together evidence of man and the life he lived in the ancient times. Such evidence makes it possible to estimate the exact period in which the said hominid lived, the habits and lifestyle he was accustomed to, as well as other dynamics he faced. Through the study of Selam, it is possible to prove numerous facts concerning the existence of early man. The Academy has the remains of an ancient child by the name Selam. These remains belong to a three-year-old child of the Australopithecus afarensis species. The fossils of Selam were discovered in Dikika in Ethiopia, four kilometers from where Lucy was found. ‘Lucy’ is believed by many archeologists to be the mother of Selam.The vestigial remains found consists of an entire torso, plus the arms and legs. Further indications suggest that the remains of Selam were buried after an event of great significance such as a flood. At the time of her death, Selam already possessed visible characteristics of her species, and these were already distinctively noticeable. The postcranial skeleton of Selam brings about many questions as to how she was able to cope with the landscape that she was in. However, research suggests that she was a creature who walked on two legs. Many researchers question how she was able to walk bipedally because its upper body contained many primitive traits. The lower body, however, shows visible adaptations that proved capability to walk. Selam had legs that were built for walking and fingers that were built for climbing. Many features on the body of this species suggest that she was also an arboreal creature (Price, 2012). Further analysis of Selam suggests that she possesses shoulder

THE PLACE OF POPULAR CULTURE - MUSIC AND THE CITY Essay

THE PLACE OF POPULAR CULTURE - MUSIC AND THE CITY - Essay Example Even though music could be said to be part of the very traditional facets of culture, there is no denying the fact that the changing trend of music whereby it had become more versatile and dynamic has made it jumped into a new array of description, which is the popular culture description. New York is one place that has a culture of its own. Through the power and potency of music as a global communication tool, the culture of New York City has been projected by various artists and songstresses who pick various themes about the locality of New York City and amplifies them to the larger world. In this paper, the concept of cultural geography is scrutinized with a link of it to culture and how the local musical space of New York City has helped in projecting the cultural values of the city. This will be done with specific analysis of the song, A Bavarian in New York by Triumvirat. Cultural Geography and how culture is linked to place Even though cultural geography generally comes under the field of human geography, it is largely rooted in the phenomenon of culture and actually revolves around it. This is because cultural geography delves into cultural outcomes and norms that exist across spaces and places (Knox and Marston, 2012). Cultural geography also refers to the relations that exist in spaces and places differentiations as pertains to variables of culture such as religion, language, economy, and morality. Through cultural geography therefore, it should be possible to distinguish one place from another through the inputs of their cultural practices. In effect, culture is directly linked to a place because culture helps in giving a place its differential identity from other places. It is not surprising therefore through tourism, people travel across spaces and places to experience the cultural dynamism of other places. When debating the issue of cultural geography, reference is commonly made to countries, eve n though most cities have their own influential cultural geographies. Cultural geography can therefore be narrowed down to cities very easily, especially when reference is made to cities that are found in cosmopolitan countries like United States, where States and Cities try to leave independent of each other. With this said, New York City comes to mind easily as one city with so much to offer in terms of cultural geographic identity. Why music has a strong place in Geographic Orientation The discussion on cultural geography would be most inadequate if music as a variable of popular culture is not discussed. This is because music, particularly local musical spaces give music so much power and influence in the cultural geography of any given city. In reality, music has the kind of strong place it has in geographic orientation because music can be used as a very powerful communication tool beyond the mere purpose of entertainment. Discussing music as a variable of culture, aspects of music such as theme, language, rhythm, genre, and message can all be identified. Through themes of music, musicians are able to use their works of songs to highlight specific cultural themes that exist in given geographic orientations. This way, the attention of all people hearing the song is quickly drawn on the unique themes of the said geographic location, such as a city. The rhythm and genre of music have also been associated with certain geographic

Estimiting the half - value layer thikness Lab Report

Estimiting the half - value layer thikness - Lab Report Example Alpha particles are easily shielded thus they will present no external radiation hazard. The thickness of material of 50% of the underlying incident energy has been attenuated and known as half-value layer (HVL) and it is normally expressed in either mm or cm. Photo energy is normally dependent on the increasing energy of the stream of photons thus resulting to increase in material HVL. The experimental equipment was outlined as shown in the figure below. The radioactive sources are encapsulated in thin metal shield that absorbs beta radiation accompanying the decay. The alpha radiation is solely slightly attenuated but the beta radiation. Every source is contained within a cylindrical lead radiation shield in order to eradicate eminent health hazards Measurement was performed to verify the statistics of the prevailing pulse counting (cf Data examination). Cs-137 source was used and mounted on a single lead slab amidst sources and corresponding GM-tube X-rays are normally absorbed in an exponential manner A= A0e(-0692h/H where A0 is the original x-ray intensity, A is the x-ray intensity transmitted via an absorber of thickness x,e is the natural logarithm system and  µ is the slope of the underlying absorption curve(normally linear attenuation coefficient measured in per cm). Linear attenuation coefficient is associated to the corresponding density of the absorber. The half-value layer is normally the thickness of the radiation absorbing material that reduces x-ray intensity by  ½. Based on the value from the slope of the natural log plot, the thickness of aluminium and wood in regard to reduction of the gamma beam intensity from the radioactive Cs-137 source to the corresponding its initial intensity. The main human error was random error from the experimenter thus I can be controlled by taking many readings. For a thickness of 2HVL the corresponding photon intensity was reduced by  ¼ of the initial value whilst for a

What Motivates Employees To Work Effectively Business Essay

What Motivates Employees To Work Effectively Business Essay In the era of economic development, many people are employed in variety jobs in society; therefore, employers should find way to motivate their employees. In addition, with the improvement of living standards, there is a growing emphasis on good working conditions. According to the Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y (1957), on the one hand, Theory X said people are very lazy and dont want to work. If the people of Theory X can do not have work, they will avoid to work. On the other hand, Theory Y said people work very seriously because the environment will motive the workers work. If employers give the comfortable environment to employees, employees will do their best in their job. Consequently, employers need to develop motivational states to meet their different staff needs and work output. This reserved focuses on motivating in the food service industry, different restaurants motivate their employees in different way so their employees how treat the customers will. This essay will analysis the Theory X employee in Norwich restaurants, second analyses the Theory Y of employees in Norwich restaurants, and finally analysis which motivational method leads to have effective workers. Literature Review (by Li Yu Xuan) F.W. Taylor think that the maximize income is the most important thing to motivate them. It means money is the only thing can motivate them. This led to Taylors belief in a differential piece-rate system of payment. This meant staff can get the wage by each unit of output at a standard piece rate. (p.14, F.W.Taylor) And another famous person who named Frederick Herzberg said that: split workers needs into two categories hygiene and motivators. Hygiene factors are concerned with the environment in which the job takes place working conditions, relations with the boss and co-workers pay. Motivators are factors that relate to the job itself-sense of achievement.(p.15, F.Herzherg) in this persons view, we can see the working conditions and working environment are very important for the workers. When the workers satisfied with these two factors, they will work more hand. Some people have anther view, From a staff effectiveness point of view, there are times when you want to be Theory X: f or instance, in health safety issues the rules will be rigid; there will be serious penalties for not following them. But if the issue is how best to handle a piece of new business, then results are likely to be far better if all involved have been consulted, their issues taken into account and an agreed best process determined. Collaborative working will favor Theory Y approaches. These people think workers in different situations prefer the different theory. The theory X and theory Y are all have advantages to the staffs. From these, we can see different people have different opinions to the two theories. Researches these two theories are important to the managers, understand them and know how to use them can help managers make the right decisions and motivate their workers in right way. Main body: Theory X (by Zhang Cheng Cheng) In theory X, people are assumed only working for money and security. Workers do not like to work and would try to work as little as possible if they can. Workers in the company or organization are lack of ambitions and hope to avoid responsibility. According to McGregor theory X is really based on the assumption that a) laziness is the human nature; and b) people only work for money. The perception of human laziness has long been recorded in religion history. In religion, Catholic declares humans seven SINS, one which is the lazy. Human beings are divided into two groups, most people are afore-mentioned lazy, only a few people can restrain themselves. To most people, working is a kind of burden to human rather than enjoyment. As far as they are concerned, they only need to do minimum work to survive. Theory X therefore has argued that as a result of this human nature most employees in the organization do not have ambition. Their personal goals and objectives are self-centered and not associated with the companys goals. They lack confidence and consider the personal safety is important. They do not want to be a leader and content to be just a follower who prefers to be led by others. Under the theory X management approaches range from hard to soft. With hard approach to deal with humans laziness the model of theory X management must rely on outside force strict control in order to achieve organizational goals which is so called hard approach. The management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and comprehensive systems of controls developed. A hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level. By exerting the external force, command, control and punishment the theory X management will ensure their employees to feel threats so that their employees can make proper efforts to achieve the objectives of the organization. With soft approach theory X management appears to be lack of disciplines and to be permissive and only seek harmony with hope that in return people will cooperate when asked to do so. McGregor has argued neither hard nor soft approaches are optimal management approach because assumptions in theory X are incorrect. At one extreme, management is strict, peoples behavior methods include forced and intimidation, strict supervision. At the other extreme, management personnel is mild, peoples behavior, peaceful methods include tolerance. Severe may result in employees to against pressure and hostile while The gentle way may often lead to abandon management. The optimal management will be between hard and soft approach. We agree with McGregor that the management model should be the carrot and stick. On one hand, they stimulate employees effort to meet the organization objectives by offering money. On the one hand, they enforce the tight control and supervision and punishment for the organization work force. In conclusion, the carrot and stick incentive theory in certain circumstances can be reasonably functional. This management model above is an example which on the one hand offered money in order to buy and stimulate employees working enthusiasm, on the one hand, used the strict control, supervision and punishment for the organization work force. Main body: Theory Y (by Shih Chia Chi) In contrast, McGregors theory Y mentions that managers tend to be democratic as they conduct their workers. This is because employees enjoy work actively and accept responsibility. In this theory, employees are motivated efficiently by many different factors. Unless workers have proper conditions in many ways such as working environment, welfare or salary, workers do not argue about their job. They are satisfaction and committed. This is because Managers of Theory Y believe both employees have ability to control themselves in accomplishing targets and they are enjoyment of doing a job. Therefore, managers will provide more authority and power to their employees so that they have an opportunity to incentive their aggressive of the work. It is believe that they are full of ambition to pursue their aims. Thus, this type of workers not only has an excellent creativity but also contributes at work which helps them to figure out whole problems. These people always have clearly life achieve ment, so they always work hard and most of them interested in their jobs and try doing their best. All of the reasons are to improve productivity in order to increase more profit in every company. This is why McGregor create this theory, and many managers use it to organize their employees. As a result, workers who are belong to theory Y have a higher achieved then theory X. Theory Y which is a more people-centric management style applies to the human relations and human needs approaches(Bruce Jewell,2006). Findings (by Shih Chia Chi) We conducted a survey in Norwich by random sampling of people in the city centre restaurants. This survey search the reasons for what motivate employees efficiently in the service industry, and fit into McGregors theory X and Y. This purpose is to find an optimization method for managers to administer workers. According to the table (figure 1, page 11), most male are satisfied with the salary nearly 13 percent and working environment around 8 percent; otherwise, female are satisfied with holidays less than 15 percent and personal reason more than 12 percent. Therefore, the amount of men and women do not want to promote to a higher position by 25-28 ages in Norwich. (Figure 2, page12) Even though most people belong to theory X, a few workers are part of theory Y. Approximately 5 percent of whole data in working environment is more essential than other reasons as well as women. (Figure 3, page 13) A few people about 8 percent want to have a higher position from 25 ages to 28 ages. This sort of people is self-motivation, so they suit for using soft management style and power-sharing in McGregors theory Y that they are easy manage. Moreover, in the theory Y, most workers have high level job, e.g. professional servicers, knowledge worker- managers and the high educated workers. Those results can apply McGregors theory X to prove this finding, so managers of service industry must use strict management or give them reward. This finding will help companies to find the best way of classification people in order to enhance the efficiency of effort and output. Conclusion (by Huang Tan Yun) It has emerged that the large amount of employees were belong the Theory X, who avoided to work in their job and the small amount of employees, who belong the Theory Ys persons, can work seriously by the work environment. According to our survey, manager should give the Theory Xs staffs more money and seriously management way to work effectively and also the manager should make the great work environment to let the Theory Ys staffs bring into the talent in their job. In order to solve the problem which is the Theory X or Theory Y in the Norwich restaurants, renewable management policy has changeable. Although, this essay just only has examined the motivations in the Norwich restaurant, other areas have the different motivations to affect their employees. There are a number of factors which contributed to the different effective motivations are happened in different people, therefore, the policies in employers are created. In addition, the employees in work areas have the Theory X of people or the Theory Y of people so they have the different motivated effectible causes. That was why the policies have the serious management and soft management for employees. Generally, the good way of aim in the working areas will accord to the Theory Xs staffs to improve their factors for their work effectively. Bibliography (by Zhang Cheng Cheng) Douglas MÂ · Mc Gregor (1957) The Human Sideof Enterprise in Management Review, US http://baike.baidu.com/view/499453.htm Viewed: 11/03/2010 Smallbizguru (29/01/2010)Leadership in recession for small business- John Adairs Action- Centred Leadership in Business Ideas http:// smallbizguru. WordPress.com/ Viewed 11/03/2010 Jewell, B(2006) McGregors Theory X and Theory Y in Tricky topics:6-7 Taylor, F.W(2006) High-street motivation in BUSINESS Review: 14-15 Herzberg, F(2006) High-street motivation in BUSINESS Review: 15

Scope of Practice

Scope of Practice according to the free dictionary is the range of responsibility of patients or caseload and practice guidelines that determine the boundaries within which a physician, or other professional, practices. The basic is that these guidelines tell that particular practitioner how far they can go when it comes to medical care and treatment. According to the law in all states, a Medical Assistant must have the supervising doctor, or a licensed practitioner, present, on the floor or in the building before a MA can provide any type of direct care/procedures to a patient (2011). MA is allowed to do whatever they were hired to do. Doctors and nurses often times don’t know how to use their MAs, they main responsibilities are in their job description when they were hired. Each office that an MA may work in could have some different procedures to do. Your job as an MA maybe to administer immunizations for injections, or to file all medical charts when they are completed, whatever your job is, it should be clearly spelled out for you. They must also outline what a MA can not do, such as making any independent medical assessment, triage patients, dispense medication or samples without direct orders, and giving out your own personal medical advice (2011). The employer who usually is the doctor assumes responsibility of the MA and they have to determine each MA’s scope of practice, by determining their skill levels. Most states don’t have laws that specifically address the responsibilities and duties of a Medical Assistant. This doesn’t say that no rules apply to them but since they are an extension of the do0)ctor then they are more than likely to follow the laws of the State Medical Board.