Risk Assessment Strategy of Eco Town

Risk Assessment Strategy of Eco Town Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Stakeholders Objectives and Concerns Primary Stakeholders Secondary Stakeholders 3. Critical Success Factors 4. Risk Assessment Strategy Defining the Boundary for Assessment Assessment Approach Stakeholders Involved Risk Identification and Classification Rules Classification of Risks Rating of Risk Events 5. Risk Mitigation Plans 6. Conclusion References Appendices 1. Introduction This report aims at developing a risk assessment strategy for NW Bicester Eco Town. Potential risks and necessary control measures will be analysed for a practical outcome. The risk assessment will also be done for the newly acquired land parcel that is adjacent to first phase which is the The Exemplar phase of the project. Figure 1 shows the proposed site for the project. Figure 1 Masterplan and Exemplar Phase of Bicester Eco-Town All the stakeholders of the project and their concerns are identified to do a thorough risk assessment. These concerns are further analysed and prioritised to figure out critical success factors of the project. Based on the number of risks identified, scope and boundaries are established to streamline the risks. Further to this, risks are ranked based on the level of severity using qualitative and quantitative aspects. 2. Objectives and Concerns of Stakeholders Eco-Town project has various stakeholders given the context of the scale, nature and typology of the project. Table 1 lists the primary stakeholders and their concerns. Table 2 lists the secondary stakeholders and their concerns No. Primary Stakeholders Concerns 1 Cherwell District Council (Local Planning Authority) Make Bicester a vibrant, great place to live, work and bring up a family in an eco-friendly way. Re-position Bicester as a place where new communities are built to high environmental standards where people can enjoy sustainable lifestyles. Achieve zero-carbon development and more sustainable living using the best new design and construction. (Eco Bicester) (Cherwell District Council) 2 A2Dominion (Lead Developer) To develop and materialise UKs first eco-town with sustainable homes, jobs and green neighbourhoods. Table 1 Primary Stakeholders No. Secondary Stakeholders Concerns 1 P3 Eco Group Established to bring together a strong consortium of investors, partners and professionals to promote and spearhead the NW Bicester eco development. Help Eco-town development to grow as an extension of Bicester to benefit the community. Main goal is to minimise environmental impact and maximise efficiency while striving to provide housing that is affordable, comfortable, sustainable and of the highest possible quality. Reduce energy demands and improve feasibility for sustainable technology by research and development (R D). 2 Bicester Vision (BV) An independent public/ private partnership committed to bring together all stakeholders in town to ensure that the most is made of the exciting future for the town. To engage with people of Bicester and the wider Bicester to ensure that it continues to be a great place to live and work in. 3 CABE Design Consultants Design council to assist in Bicester design and sustainable development in achieving the vision and execution of project, hence setting a benchmark for eco-friendly living. 4 Bio-Regional (BioR) A social enterprise that helps establish sustainable business and works with other stakeholders like A2Dominion, CDC etc., to demonstrate that a sustainable future is attractive and affordable. 5 Grassroots Bicester (GRB) A community action group set up to create a greener Bicester. Works closely with oxford, Bicester Vision and Eco Bicester team from Cherwell district council to help deliver the Eco Bicester vision across the whole town. 6 Farrell Partners (ARCH) To develop an affordable and sustainable residential complex with highest possible quality and delivered in close partnership with the local communities. 7 Thames Water Utilities (TWU) Water resource management towards sustainability 8 Central Government (CG) To utilise public fund judiciously Provide good affordable homes for people Speed of housing delivery Create sustainable communities and address climate changes. 11 Current Residents (CLR) Create jobs to local people. To educated the community to tackle disturbance/ discomfort caused due to construction activities like noise pollution, vehicular movements etc., 12 Home Community Agency (HCA) To ensure funding for the development of affordable housing for a successful development of the community. Table 2 Secondary Stakeholders 3. Critical Success Factors The critical success factors are derived from the vision stated in Masterplan Vision for the Exemplar phase of the entire development are as follows: Provide affordable, attractive and sustainable housing 393 residences designed by specialist design team by achieving good aesthetics within 60 acres of land use and a provision for 30% affordable housing, 40% of the total land to be used as green belt. Ensure every building achieves zero-carbon emission. Reduce carbon footprint by 30% by reducing waste sent to landfill. Efficient time, cost and quality management of construction Use passive energy generating technologies and achiever zero carbon efficiency. Manage project efficiently within the budget and proposed completion time of phase 1 by circa 2018. Reduce Carbon footprint by adopting sustainable means of transportation and energy Promote lean construction management which substantially reduces the carbon footprint caused by construction activities. Opt for public modes of transportation. Encourage the community to cycle. Reduce the usage of personal automotive vehicles. Introduce advanced construction technology like photo-voltaic panels, passive heating methods etc., to reduce utility bills. Environmental Biodiversity Ensure that 40% of the total development area is used as green belt/ green space. Contribute to existing biodiversity by introducing waterbodies, vegetation etc., Community and Neighbourhood Services Conduct events to enhance community spirit. Provide institutional facilities like schools and community facilities like local store, sports complex etc., within the proximity of the development. Create New Employment Opportunities The Exemplar phase aims at creating employment opportunities during construction phase and create long-term job opportunities. Managed Risk Act as early as possible and provide visibility of a task 4. Risk Assessment Strategy The following section provides a structured and coherent approach to identify, assess and manage risk. Defining the Boundary for Assessment Defining boundaries in the project helps in streamlining the risk assessment process. It is understood that risks that occur beyond the scope of the project are not under the control of Project Manager. The risk assessment is being done for the newly acquired land parcel adjacent to the boundary of the exemplar phase (See Figure 2) and the register will examine potential risks, causes, risk mitigation actions and the stakeholders responsible. Figure 2 Site Boundary in the Process of Acquisition Assessment Approach Potential risks have been identified based on the available literature on Bicester Eco-town and by brainstorming over various driving factors, likelihood of their occurrence and impact, evaluating and prioritizing risks for further action and then by developing a mitigation plan to tackle the risks without affecting the project. Figure 3 outlines the fundamental risk management process steps. Figure 3 Fundamental Risk Management Steps (Garvey, 2008) Step 1. Risk Identification Risk identification is the critical first step of the risk management process. Its objective is the early and continuous identification of risks, including those within and external to the project. Step 2. Risk Impact and Consequence Assessment In this step, assessment is made of the impact each risk event could have on the project. This typically includes how the event could impact cost, schedule or any other technical performance. Additional criteria such as political or economic consequences would also require consideration. Step 3. Risk Prioritisation In this step, overall set of identified risks, their impact and their probability of occurrence are processed to derive the most critical to least critical rank-order of all the risks. One of the main reasons for prioritizing risks is to form a basis for allocation critical resources. Step 4. Risk Mitigating Planning This step involves the development of mitigation plans to eliminate, reduce or manage risk. Once a plan is incorporated, it is monitored to assess its efficacy with an intention to revise its course-of-action if necessary. The other steps involved in developing effective risk management strategy to establish a good approach to assessment and select the suitable risk management tool. In-order to do this the, various phases of the project are divided per RIBA Plan of works (RIBA,2013) and the stages are mentioned below. Planning Design Construction Handover and Close Out Risk Identification and Classification Rules Methodical Approach to identify risks are as follows, Clear classification of aims and objectives of the project. Develop a very good criterion for risk assessment. Identify risks for both aims and objectives that are derived from risk assessment criteria. Use both Qualitative and Quantitative measures to assess risks and rank them per their severity of impact on the project. Group Meetings that involve all the stakeholders and brainstorming of potential risks. Generate minutes of meetings (MOM) to document discussions and the responsible parties for the identified risks. Classification of Risks The identified risks are classified into various categories and are measured per the level of impact. The factors contributing to the measure of impact are mentioned below, Cost Time Reputation Quality Impact on Stakeholders Environmental Impact Legal Impact Health and Safety Concerns Legal Implications Each of the above-mentioned factors are ranked between 1-5, 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest in terms of impact and is detailed in Table 3. Table 3 Measure of Consequences of the identified Risks Rating of Risk Events The scoring of risks was calculated in such a way that the highest possible risk rating for any of the categories was taken into cautious consideration. The score ranging between 1 and 125, were used to generated 4 coloured rating. Here red, yellow, amber and green colours are used. The colour is assigned to a risk depending on its severity. Red stands for immediate action risk, Amber for medium risk, yellow for minor attention requiring risk and green for low/ Acceptable risk. The table 4 below illustrates the scores of this coloured rating. Table 4 Risk Rating Matrix 5. Risk Mitigation Plans After identifying the risks that are very likely to occur based on the risk rating matrix, some of the risks are prioritised and a mitigation plan is proposed in the following passages below. Risk 1: Rejection/ Delay of planning permission Management Action Planned: Proposed development plans should comply with building regulations, standards and specifications. Consistent liaison with the government should be done. Action Owner: A2Dominion, Architects and CABE Cause: Development standards do not meet specified building regulations. Community objection due to improper information by the project owner. Impact: Project delays and cost implications. Risk 2: Community Objection Management Action Planned: Liaise with the council members and clarify the value for public money of the development. Action Owner: A2Dominion Cause: Local communities showing concerns towards the effects on environment and showing reluctance to adapt to change. Lack of information or negative publicity that might lead to rejection of the development by the community. Impact: Delays and increased cost, bad reputation of the project and negative impact on stakeholders who represent public. Risk 3: Financial Funding Delays Management Action Planned: Ensure funding from all the investors during the exemplar phase Action Owner: A2Dominion and CDC Cause: Unfamiliarity of the project to the investors compared to other developments might fail to attract the investors. Impact: Project Failure, delays and reduction in quality if executed with insufficient funds. Risk 4: Change in Scope of Design Management Action Planned: Establish a clearly defined design brief that comprise of well-defined scope, responsibilities and communication channels of each stakeholder. Action Owner: A2Dominion and ARCH Cause: Disagreements between the design consultants and the client might lead to conflicts within the project. Proposed design might result in increased costs due to failure in meeting the design brief. Impact: Project delays and increased cost. Risk 5: New Technologies Management Action Planned: Liaise with the contractors at the early stage of project in-order to evaluate their competency. Action Owner: P3Eco Cause: Lack of experience and improper knowledge of new sustainable technologies that might affect building performance. Impact: Compromise in quality and project reputation The remaining risks, their causes, impact and management action are covered in the Appendices. 6. Conclusion After a, thorough assessment of risk on NW Bicester Eco-Town project, it is understood that the project is of a very complex nature and requires close monitoring of several areas for the successful completion of the exemplar phase. It is evident from the risk register that most of the responsibility should be taken by the developer (A2Dominion) who can further transfer risk to relevant stakeholders. Eco-Town being UKs first project of its kind, achieving success in this project is of utmost importance in-order to set a benchmark for future developments that will be sustainable and environment friendly thereby benefitting the future generations. References A2Dominion., https://www.a2dominion.co.uk [Accessed on 21/12//2016] Bicester Vision., What is Bicester Vision, http://www.bicestervision.co.uk/ [Accessed on 21/12/2016] Cherwell District Council., Eco Bicester, http://www.cherwell.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=4513 [Accessed on 21/12/2016] Design Council., Case Study North West Bicester Eco-Town, http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/resources/case-study/north-west-bicester-eco-town [Accessed on 21/12//2016 Eco Bicester., North West Bicester, http://www.ecobicester.org.uk/cms/node/3#.WFkL0PmLRPZ [Accessed on 21/12/2016] Garvey P (2008) Analytical Methods for Risk Management: A Systems Engineering Perspective (1st Ed.). London, New York: Chapman-Hall/ CRC North West Bicester., Partners, http://nwbicester.co.uk/the-first-phase/introducing-exemplar/partners/ [Accessed on 21/12/2016] North West Bicester., The first Phase Exemplar, http://nwbicester.co.uk/masterplan/ [Accessed on 21/12/2016] P3Eco., Home http://www.p3group.co.uk/ [Accessed on 21/12/2016] RIBA, (2013), RIBA Plan of Work 2013 Overview, https://www.ribaplanofwork.com/PlanOfWork.aspx [Accessed on 21/12/2016] Appendices Table 5: Risk Register Planning Stage Table 6: Risk Register Design Stage Table 7: Risk Register Construction Stage Table 8: Risk Register Construction Stage Table 9: Risk Register Handover and Close Out Stage

Relational Aggression :: essays research papers fc

Relational Aggression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A high school student cried as she recounted being tormented in middle school by her classmates. For some reason she was targeted as a â€Å"dog,† and day after day she had to walk the halls with kids barking at her. How did it stop? The girl said she stopped it. But how? She picked out another girl, someone worse off than herself, and started to call her dog. Then the others forgot about her. Then they barked at the other girl instead. Girls may be made of sugar and spice and everything nice, but on the inside, they are just plain mean. â€Å"Girls tease, insult, threaten, gossip maliciously, and play cruel games with their friends’ feelings and set up exclusive cliques and hierarchies in high schools.† (Omaha World Herald, 10A).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relational aggression is a fairly new development, which involves adolescent girls and their emotions. To understand this newly found term, one must start from the core word â€Å"aggression.† After understanding the forms of aggression, one can slowly begin to understand relational aggression. Aggression is defined as behavior that is intended to harm others. Aggression can take many forms including physical violence, date violence, and criminal violence. Most have related aggression with the male physical violence or â€Å"beating up.† Most females have low or do not show any form of aggression; therefore, most people believe women to be the lesser aggressive sex. It is true that males are proven to be more aggressive than females, but not by far. This is depending on which form of aggression is being studied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So why are girls so â€Å"aggressive?† Nicki Crick, PhD, a researcher at the University of Minnesota says: â€Å"Physical aggression isn’t very accepted for girls, so they turn to manipulation and emotional threats as weapons† (Murray, par 3). â€Å"In recent research, it indicates that gender differences in aggression disappears when the definition of aggression is broadened to include aggressive acts in whish the victim’s personal relationships are manipulated of damaged-- that is, relational aggression† (Miller, 145).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Relational aggression is defined as behaviors that harm others by damaging (or threatening to damage) or manipulating one’s relationship with his/her peers, or by injuring one’s feelings of social acceptance.† (Ophelia Project, â€Å"Issues† par 3). This type of aggression is mainly directed toward the emotions rather than physical behavior. Some examples of relational aggression include: Purposefully ignoring someone when one is angry with the other (i.

My Life Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every person in life must go through changes in their lifetime. Some are drastic changes and some are minor changes, but either way, a person must learn to cope with all of sorts of them. Change can take the best out of someone or it can bring the worst out in someone, for example, going to a new school, getting a new haircut, anything can make a difference in a persons life. In my situation, the most enormous change must have been coming to the United States with my family and trying to adjust to a new lifestyle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While growing up in a family of five people including myself, coming to a new country was a horrid experience. Being ten years old myself, things became harder while living with 4 other people, especially when they are all counting on you. Similar to Edite’s life, my first few years in the U.S. became difficult to deal with, considering how I was only a ten year old girl doing things for my family that a normal ten year old child would not do, for example, translating television to important phone calls, it became overwhelming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the problems, which I dealt with for the first few years, were very consistent. Everyday things such as, watching a movie or watching a sitcom became more of a headache than a relaxing moment. I would spent the program translating what people are saying rather than watching it for myself and being able to enjoy it. Since I was the only one in t...

No-calorie Powder May Substitute For Foods Fat :: essays research papers

No-Calorie Powder May Substitute for Food's Fat George E. Inglett of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Biopolymer Research Unit in Peoria III invented a no-calorie fat substitute called Z-Trim. It is a mix of crushed fibers made from the hulls of grains. It can replace the fat and some of the carbohydrates in foods such as chocolates, brownies, cheese, and ground beef. He spent three years trying to perfect Z-Trim to be smooth because he made it out of tough hulls of corn, oats, and rice. He first crushed the hulls with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. He washed the peroxide off in centrifuge. After this step it was still too large, so he put the pieces back through the first step of the hydrogen peroxide and the centrifuge. That made it smooth. Now, it is a fine, white cellulose powder that can be made into a gel by adding water. Inglett also developed Oatrim. This is made up of a digestible fiber from oat flour that provides four calories per gram. Z-Trim compared to another fat substitute, olestra, is different. Olestra can cause gastrointestinal distress and take vitamins and carotenoids out of the body. The new substitute does not have those affects. Inglett says that you should eat more of the kind of fibers that make up Z-Trim to reduce the chances of getting intestinal disorders. But there are some people who argue with Inglett's theory on his new substitute. "I wouldn't expect Z-Trim to have the same kinds of problems as olestra," says Margo Wootan, a senior scientist at the Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington, D.C. "Fiber is already found in our diet, while olestra is a synthetic chemical. There is also concern for the "microbial stability" of foods containing Z-Trim. "Whenever you remove the lipid material and replace it with water," says Thomas H.

Individual Assurance of Learning Excercise 1

Individual Assignment – D02-IALE1-Johnson 1. Assurance of Learning Exercise  1A, Step 4, page 37 Strengths: 1: Highly successful and recognized worldwide (Ronald McDonald and the Golden Arch) 2: Strongest Brand Image as the number-1 fast-food company by sales, with more than 32,478 restaurants in 117 countries. 3: Consistently solid financial performance. * Sales revenue up 3. 8% in 2009, global comparable sales up 6. 9%. * Net income up 9% from 2008. Weakness: 1: 80% of restaurants are franchise owned, placing image and reputation in other’s hands. 2: Not in sync with health and lifestyle : Struggles with fluctuations in operating and net profits:    * Operating profits $4,433M (2006), $3,879M (2007), $6443M (2008). * Net profits $3,544M (2006), $2,395M (2007), $4,313M (2008). Opportunities: 1: Healthier food, such as low fat, low cal. 2: Increased beverage options with McCafe have been shown to increase customer visits in Europe (+7. 2%). 3: Joint ventures with re tailers (Wal-Mart, etc. ) can place new locations in high traffic areas at lower capital cost. (Such as the Wal-Mart located in Roanoke, VA) Threats: 1: More health conscious customers. : Intense price pressure from competitors like Burger King, Taco Bell, Wendy’s, KFC and any mid-range sit-down restaurants. 3: As a multinational food operation, variations in the currency of other countries becomes a problem. 2. Assurance of Learning Exercise 1B, p. 326 1. Buying competitors’ garbage: U & L 2. Dissecting competitors’ products: U & L 3. Taking competitors’ plant tours anonymously: E & L 4. Counting tractor-trailer trucks leaving competitors’ loading bays: E & L 5. Studying aerial photographs of competitors’ facilities: E & L 6. Analyzing competitors’ labor contracts: U & I . Analyzing competitors’ help-wanted ads: E & L 8. Quizzing customers and buyers about the sales of competitors’ products: E & L 9. Infiltrating custom ers’ and competitors’ business operations: U & I 10. Quizzing suppliers about competitors’ level of manufacturing: U & L 11. Using customers to buy out phony bids: U & I 12. Encouraging key customers to reveal competitive information: U & I 13. Quizzing competitors’ former employees: E & I 14. Interviewing consultants who may have worked with competitors: E & L 15. Hiring key managers away from competitors: E & L 16.Conducting phony job interviews to get competitors’ employees to reveal information: E, U, L, and I. (depends on what information) 17. Sending engineers to trade meetings to quiz competitors’ technical employees: E & L 18. Quizzing potential employees who worked for or with competitors: E & L 3. Assurance of Learning Exercise  1B, Steps 1-2, page 37 Strengths: 1: Students can either earn their degrees at the campus or online. 2: Is the largest private, non-profit school in the country and the largest four-year school in Virgini a. * Between 1992 and 2009, fall enrollment increased from 8,500 to 46,949. With more than 80,000 taking classes online. 3: The fiscal contributions alone are making an impact on local business, Liberty staff, employees and staff was responsible for $268 million in direct spending to Lynchburg area in 2009. * A net $180 million remained in the state * Creating close to $283 million in activity * Every Liberty dollar spent in Virginia in 2009 ultimately generated $1. 57 in overall economic activity. 4: Diverse student body and faculty. 5: Liberty University’s ranking in the 2013 edition of Best Colleges is Regional Universities (South), 65. Weakness: : Employers are threatened by Liberty and think less of their degrees. 2: With the high growth of the student body, they will have to supply and improve technology 3: High student to faculty ratio * 25:1 Resident Undergraduate * 17:1 Online * 19:1 Combined 4: 70% Full-time faculty hold terminal degrees 5: The graduation rate at Li berty University is low, 44%. Opportunities: 1: The University offers 148 undergraduate, 53 graduate and one post masters program as its Lynchburg campus, and 43 undergraduate, 66 graduate, 3 post masters, and 6 doctoral programs through Liberty University Online. : Liberty has an opportunity to expand its use of classroom instruction to incorporate the Christian worldview into all courses. 3: Participation in learning activities increased from 38% of those in the population age 18 or older in 1991 to 50% in 1999. 4: The University can expand its market by offering more traditional and distance courses for all ages of students, particularly those beyond the traditional college age of 18-21 years. 5: Technology in the Distance Learning Program (DLP) could be particularly effective in Liberty’s University’s mission of reaching the world for Christ. Threats: : Funding sources are needed to maintain success and growth. 2: Dramatic business growth creates data upsurge 3: Ne ed for better security and transportation 4: Terrorism 5: Becoming more worldly as the University grows 4. Assurance of Learning Exercise  1D, Steps 1-2, page 38 (Note: Please replace the use of † SMCO†, in the assignment instructions, with the use of www. ceoexpress. com or Standard and Poor's. Standard and Poor's can be accessed via LU's Online Library. ) Standard and Poor’s has been up and running since 1916. It has been helping investors and creditors analyze the credit risk that one is taking. Standard 2011) The changes in credit ratings can be determined by many different obstacles in life such as the changes in economy, the changes in the lifestyle of a business, or more specifically focused on profit, entity and individual debt issues. These obstacles can determine whether to purchase bonds and other investment opportunities. Being able to use the information that Standard and Poor has available, gives the investors the opportunity to figure out why rati ngs have fallen and when creditors should be looking to improve.The creditability of this company allows many investors to use these analyses to grow and evaluate the upcoming obstacles for their company and/or person investments. References American School Search (2009-2013). Liberty University – Review ; Ranking. Retrieved March 21, 2013 from Web site: http://www. american-school-search. com/review/liberty-university Liberty University (2013). Liberty University. Retrieved March 21, 2013 from Web site: http://www. liberty. edu/index. cfm? PID=21240 Liberty University. (2013). Retrieved March 21, 2013 from Web site: http://colleges. usnews. rankingsandreviews. om/best-colleges/liberty-university-10392 Skinner, J. (2010). Annual Report 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2013 from, Web site: http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/C-%5Cfakepath%5Cinvestors-2009-annual-report. pdf Standard ; Poor's (2011). Understanding Ratings. Retrieved March 21, 2013 from , Web site: http://img. en25. com/Web/StandardandPoors/SP_CreditRatingsGuide. pdf Q1 Labs (2010). Dramatic growth creates need for advanced detection of threats and minimizing risks. Retrieved March 21, 2013 from, Web site: http://www. liberty. edu/media/1155/Liberty-University-Case-Study. pdf

Health Care Ethics

The Bartling case was about whether William Bartling had the right, over the objection of his physicians and the hospital, to have life-support equipment disconnected despite the fact that withdrawal of such devices will surely hasten his death. When he entered Glendale Adventist Hospital in California in 1984, he was known to be suffering from emphysema and diffuse arteriosclerosis, coronary arteriosclerosis, abdominal aneurysm, and inoperable lung cancer.At the end, He had to use mechanical respiratory and chest tube to assist his breathing in the ICU. Although each of these conditions could individually be lethal, he was not diagnosed as terminally ill. At first, Mr. Bartling asked his physicians to remove the ventilator but they refused. Then Mr. Bartling attempted to remove the ventilator tubes but was unsuccessful. Eventually, to prevent his attempt, he was placed in restraints so that the tubes could remain in place. The case was taken to Los Angeles Superior Court by Mr. Scot t.Because he was not considered terminally ill, the court refused either to allow the respirator to be disconnected or to order that Mr. Bartling’s hands be freed. At the second time, the case was taken to the California Court of Appeal. However, the result was that Mr. Bartling had the right to make his own decision, which was obviously different with the first time. So I think the main issue in this case is about patient’s decision-making capacity, specifically, when patient is able to make make the decision of his own medical treatments.

Master of Public Health

1.   Statement of purpose for Masters of Public Health in USAI would like to think of a world where people would give priority to prevention rather than cure and save millions of dollars in medical procedures and health care provisions.   During the initial stage of my medical studies, I was considering a career in rehabilitation medicine because of the exposure that I had in physical therapy.   Although I enjoyed the field of helping people recover from their injuries and regain some of the functions that they have lost,I have often wondered why people prefer to spend so much money on seeking effective medical treatment instead of preventing illnesses, diseases and injuries.   While having close contacts with patients and monitoring their health conditions, my heart was drawn to pursue a career that would give emphasis to prevention and primary care so I can help my country and my fellowmen in Vietnam.Being a daughter of parents who are both in the field of medicine, I am fo rtunate enough to have a close view of the skills, knowledge and dedication involve in being a doctor.   Since I was a child, I had an early exposure in seeing my father render his service as a family physician in his private clinic in our district.   My father has been working for more than 30 years.   Each time I see patients consult him on some illnesses and health problems that are preventable, the never ending thought of knowing why people do not want to prevent illnesses kept bothering me.   I felt that something should be done.When I complete my Master degree in Public Health, I would like to collaborate with the Department of Health in educating my countrymen on the importance of preventive medicine so they can be spared of costly medical bills and they will be able to live a healthy and productive life.   Furthermore, I would like to be involved in research so I can impart my knowledge to other doctors and medical students and facilitate an exchange of knowledge a nd views among medical professionals on issues related to public health in my country and abroad.2.   Submit a narrative describing my past education, experience, and current professional career objectives.Through the Japanese government scholarship, I was awarded a full scholarship to take a medical course in Japan.   I have lived in Tokyo, Japan for 6 years.   Currently, I am on my last year of my medical studies in Tokyo Medical and Dental University.I obtained an initial introduction to public health during the 2-month course period in my current university.   The one semester class provided me with a basic but thorough understanding of the issues faced in health care today.   Then, I spent a month of internship in various health clinics in Tokyo and its outskirts.   To increase my knowledge about health care in other parts of the world, I participated in a month of externship in Western health care in the Gynecology department in Medical University of Valladolid in Spain.   As a medical student, I have spent the last two years of my studies in the hospitals and health clinics.   This experience has given me a clearer view about health care.I am thankful that each month, the university provides a special lecture and health care seminar that enabled me to meet some public health leaders specializing in various fields in different countries.   The knowledge and exposure has further strengthened my belief that no matter how developed a country is or how well organized their medical and health care system is, their citizens will still demand for a better health care system, a better preventive medicine and sanitation.Public health will always be a problem that will demand tremendous work in order to find an effective and efficient solution to a health problem without sacrificing quality.   The continuous problems faced by professionals in public health demand innovative and carefully thought solutions.   My medical background has also pro vided me with a chance to view health care programs in different perspectives and triggered my interest in preventive medicine and quality health care.In Vietnam, I had a chance to assist my parents while they were treating patients in their clinic.   Sometimes, I join them whenever they do their rounds and visit patients in the hospital.   My parents taught me the importance of having a good patient-doctor relationship and to maintain a good bedside manner at all times.   They believe that an effective cure does not only come with its physical treatment, it should also come together with the emotional and spiritual upliftment.   When all things fail, the patients’ determination and will to survive will take over.My parents have exposed me to the medical cases and issues that have confronted them during their medical practice.   I had the chance to review the medical history of the patients and understand their illnesses.   I have also met some specialists who had meetings with my parents to discuss the best possible treatment that could be given to their patients.   In many cases, I have often seen a lot of people go to the hospital or consult a doctor when their illness is already worst.Others have to remain in the hospital for many days for further observation and further treatment.   There are young people who have suffered from diseases and health problems such as heart attack, stroke, lung cancer and diabetes that could have been prevented by following a healthy lifestyle.   I have witnessed how members of the patients’ family struggle to search for money in order to save the lives of their loved ones and be provided with the treatment that they needed.During those years, I have always been nagged by the issue of prevention and cure and how each citizen could have a longer lifespan and a better quality of life if they were informed and educated about the prevention of illnesses.   I have also thought about how the countr y’s allocation of resources to those who have preventable illnesses could have been used to cure other non-preventable sickness.   All these thoughts have pushed me to serve my country and be in the field of public health.I still render my volunteer service whenever there is a chance to join the medical mission sponsored by various non-government organizations.   In the past medical missions, I have worked with volunteer doctors, nurses and para-professionals.   I interviewed patients and recorded their complaints and medical history.   Then, I accompanied them to the doctor who provided the treatment and gave them the necessary prescriptions and medicines.I also assisted the doctors in making referrals to the hospitals and other specialist.   Sometimes, I accompany some doctors who monitor the progress of these patients.   My hunger for knowledge and my passion to be of service to the community continuously grow with every exposure that I have in the field of hea lth and medicine.   The fulfillment of seeing people respond to the treatment and to see the smiles in their faces is priceless and worth every ounce of work and perseverance that I have given to my studies and profession.3. Plans that the applicant has to use the education and training acquired at university, the needs and/or challenges the applicant perceives as important in the relevant field of study, and any personal qualities, characteristics, and skills the applicant believes will enable him or her to be successful in the chosen field of study.Foreign students like me will benefit from the extra-ordinarily talented professionals and interdisciplinary program that emphasize on problem solving and the acquisition of fundamental public health skills.   The faculty brings a range of skills and real-world experience to its work while providing the foundation for our intellectual growth.As a citizen of an Asian country, I am glad that the program incorporates research and servi ce activities that are designed to identify and resolve economic, clinical and behavioral issues focusing on Africa and Asia.   This will enrich my knowledge in disease control and prevention while learning ways to improve the health condition of people residing in resource poor countries.So many lives were affected in Asian countries due to diseases transmitted by insects (malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever), through food and water (cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, parasitic infection), through intimate contact (AIDS/HIV, hepatitis B), and other diseases (Schistosomiasis, rabies, tuberculosis, pneumonia).Vaccinations for measles could have prevented pregnant mothers from delivering a child with mental retardation, deafness and blindness.   Early death among children could have been prevented if there is a massive immunization drive in the community.   Since Vietnam is part of Asia, I would like to actively support and participate in the implementat ion of the health program not only in my country but also in other Asian countries.Being a foreigner, I believe that it will be a challenge to know about the public health programs, policies and issues as well as health services across the states.   In my graduate studies, I expect to have a number of research papers and case studies to work on that will enriched my knowledge and exposure on the different side of health care that is found in a developed country.   There is a big difference in terms of public health policies and programs between developed and developing countries.   In my studies, I would like to thoroughly study its differences and would like to determine how the health care policies and programs in the United States can be adapted in Vietnam.How can I keep my countrymen healthy?   How can I contribute to the quality of care in Vietnam?   I would like to find answers for these questions before returning to my homeland after the completion of my graduate st udies in public health.   I welcome the challenge to study in a technologically advanced country.   My dedication and passion to serve my country outweighs the challenge and the obstacles that any foreign student will face in a foreign land.