Writing Persuasive Essays

Writing Persuasive EssaysWriting persuasive essays is not something that you will find easy, but if you learn how to write persuasive essays then the top 50 ideas for argumentative, persuasive essay topics are waiting for you. Although writing persuasive essays may seem like a hard task, you can easily overcome this difficulty and make yourself a great writer if you know what it takes to develop your argumentative persuasive essays.The key to developing your argumentative persuasive essay is to use the perfect form of persuasion. If you do not have enough information on any given topic then you will not be able to develop a good argument. You will need to understand the topic first and then be able to persuade others to agree with you.In order to be successful in your quest to write a persuasive essay, you need to understand the techniques involved in writing persuasive essays. You should also be aware of the rules of persuasive writing. Most of the top 50 ideas for argumentative, pe rsuasive essay topics address the issues surrounding persuasive writing. There are some key rules that you need to understand to be able to build a strong argumentative persuasive essay.One of the best things that you can do to become a better writer in this area is to take an online writing course. This is the best way to learn to write persuasive essays that are persuasive. This type of writing course will allow you to use your talents and skills in various different ways. It is a great way to add depth to your abilities as a writer.You need to understand that if you want to be successful in developing your argumentative persuasive essay you need to put the needs of others before your own needs. If you place your own needs first then you will fail in this area and that is not a quality you will want to have as a persuasive essay writer.When you get into writing your persuasive essay, you need to be honest about your abilities. You need to know what the average is for persuasive wr iting and what the average writing is that is produced each year. The best way to determine the average persuasive essay is to look at the works of some of the best persuasive essayists in the field.By doing this you will know what is normal for persuasive essays and you will be able to focus on these aspects of the craft. By knowing the average persuasive essay then you will be able to use techniques that will allow you to be successful in this area.After you have developed your persuasive essay, you need to make sure that you do not submit it to the wrong audience. If you submit it to people who do not care about persuasive essays then you will never see the light of day. This means that you should only submit your persuasive essay to places where persuasive essays are welcome.

Melting Ice Science Experiment

This is a fun, non-toxic project for kids of all ages. All you need is ice, salt, and food coloring. Materials You can use any type of salt for this project. Coarse salt, such as rock salt or sea salt, works great. Table salt is fine. Also, you could use other types of salt besides sodium chloride (NaCl). For example, Epsom salts are a good choice. You dont have to color the project, but its a lot of fun to use food coloring, water colors, or any water-based paint. You can use liquids or powders, whichever you have handy. Materials watersaltfood coloring (or watercolors or tempera paints) What To Do Make ice. You can use ice cubes for this project, but its nice to have larger pieces of ice for your experiment. Freeze water in shallow plastic containers such as disposable storage containers for sandwiches or leftovers. Only fill the containers part way to make relatively thin pieces of ice. The salt can melt holes all the way through thin pieces, making interesting ice tunnels.Keep the ice in the freezer until you are ready to experiment, then remove the blocks of ice and place them on a cookie sheet or in a shallow pan. If the ice doesnt want to come out, ts easy to remove ice from containers by running warm water around the bottom of the dish. Place the pieces of ice in a large pan or a cookie sheet. The ice will melt, so this keeps the project contained.Sprinkle salt onto the ice or make little salt piles on top of the pieces. Experiment!Dot the surface with coloring. The coloring doesnt color the frozen ice, but it follows the melting pattern. Youll be able to see channels, h oles, and tunnels in the ice, plus it looks pretty.You can add more salt and coloring, or not. Explore however you like. Clean Up This is a messy project. You can perform it outdoors or in a kitchen or bathroom. The coloring will stain hands, clothes, and surfaces. You can remove coloring from counters using a cleaner with bleach. How It Works Very young kids will like to explore and may not care too much about the science, but you can discuss erosion and the shapes formed by running water. The salt lowers the freezing point of water through a process called freezing point depression. The ice starts to melt, making liquid water. Salt dissolves in the water, adding ions that increase the temperature at which the water could re-freeze. As the ice melts, energy is drawn from the water, making it colder. Salt is used in ice cream makers for this reason. It makes the ice cream cold enough to freeze. Did you notice how the water feels colder than the ice cube? The ice exposed to the salty water melts faster than other ice, so holes and channels form.

Essay about Ansoff Matrix †Product Market Grid - 854 Words

Introduction to the Ansoff matrix The Ansoff product/ market matrix is a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy. Ansoff’s product/ market matrix suggests that a business’ attempts to grow depend on whether it markets new or existing products in new or existing markets. The traditional four box grid or matrix Ansoff model Alternative Ansoff style matrix A revised version of the Ansoff matrix featuring a 3Ãâ€"3 or nine box grid or matrix. History – The Product / Market Matrix Igor Ansoff created the Product / Market diagram in 1957 as a method to classify options for business expansion. The simplisity of this model is that the four strategic options defined can be generically applied to any†¦show more content†¦For example by introducing loyalty schemes. A market penetration marketing strategy is very much about â€Å"business as usual†. The business is focusing on markets and products it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. It is unlikely, therefore, that this strategy will require much investment in new market research. Market Development (new markets, existing products): Here we market our existing product range in a new market. This means that the product remains the same, but it is marketed to a new audience. Exporting the product, or marketing it in a new region, are examples of market development. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: ââ€"  New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country ââ€"  New product dimensions or packaging: for example ââ€"  New distribution channels ââ€"  Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Product Development (existing markets, new products): This is a new product to be marketed to our existing customers. Here we develop and innovate new product offerings to replace existing ones. Such products are then marketed to our existing customers. This often happens with the auto markets where existing modelsShow MoreRelatedDesigning A Product s Portfolio Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesemulating its production and design, and there is a need to keep up with demand and expand the product s reach, as well as scope and audience, to make economic sense. Marketing strategies are diverse and should be embraced by different entities for the purpose of ensuring that their commodities remain competitive in the market. Designing a product s portfolio helps find out more business opportunities and products that the organization should put into consideration in the future. The growth of an organizationsRead MoreEcco2521 Words   |  11 PagesStates, Germany and Japan had been the main markets, where ECCO exported about 90% of their producti on. Ever since then, like most other large organisations, the company has been seeking market opportunities and working persistently to create new market, especially in Asia, Central and Eastern Europe where they could target countries that were probably still to be explored. 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The planner must recognize how to balance the current products against possible policies for future development and their likely implications in terms of cash flow, market share, return on capital employed and other key components of company objectives. A successful behavior trait taking hold for successful companies is toRead MoreAmul Ice Cream1721 Words   |  7 Pagesthe market with its unique and innovative marketing strategies. It gave the entire industry a unique dimension. The success of Amul can be attributed to its distinctive planning of marketing mix and providing satisfaction to consumer needs. The analysis of this case will highlight the key marketing strategies adopted by Amul to become a market leader. 4 P’s of Marketing Mix: Amul brought in many changes in its 4 P’s of marketing mix, which helped it carve a niche for itself in the market. Read MoreLafarge Tarmac Final 1 5924 Words   |  24 PagesOne 2 1.1 Strategic context of Lafarge Tarmac 2 Introduction 2 Visions, Objectives and Goals of the company 2 1.2 Issues in Strategic Planning at Lafarge Tarmac 3 1.3 Planning Techniques in context with Lafarge Tarmac 4 Directional Policy Matrix 4 Space Matrix 5 Task 6 2.1 Organizational Audit for Lafarge Tarmac 6 Benchmarking Audit 6 SWOT Analysis 6 Value Chain Analysis 6 Scenario Planning 7 Strategic Positioning of Lafarge Tarmac 7 2.2 Environmental Audit for Lafarge Tarmac 8 PESTLE 8 Porter’sRead MoreMarketing Strategy For Kodak Is Market Penetration2853 Words   |  12 PagesAnsoff Model is also defined by amount of investment and risk: Strategy Investments Probable success Market Penetration Basic 50% Product development Multiply 8 times 33% Market development Multiply 4 times 20% Diversification Multiply 12-16 times 5% Ansoff Model was invented a while ago, but still is quite useful to provide number of opportunities, relevant in most markets. 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The And Worthy Of College Cost Essay - 2081 Words

â€Å"Post-secondary education should help students to discover what they do, to get better at it, and develop the ability to continue learning so that they become agent of change- not victims of it,† (Roth). The earnestness and worthy of college cost is implanted by the broadening educational accompaniments along with composing necessitous contributors to society, the urging need of higher skilled work, and the effectiveness in selecting a suitable institution. In broadening educational accompaniments along with the contributors involved in society, innovation is stimulated by high standards that are needed in place to promote the continuation of education and the providers that are formed from their college education. An urging need of higher skilled work is current in the economy by requesting a supply of college graduates along with their capabilities. The effectiveness in the selection of a suitable institution justifies the worth of cost in how it results the individual in completing their degree and the followed benefits in the duration of their life. The financial worth of college derives from the intellective objective that leads to innovating provisions to society. Attainments obtained from a college education ignite prosperity within the individual generating growth within a community due to their inputted contributions. The prospective of college affects one’s lifetime through a wide range of outcomes, not only through earnings (Pew Social). Recent studies haveShow MoreRelatedEssay about Higher Education for Free531 Words   |  3 PagesOver the years, college fees have gradually risen for high school graduates. It’s been said that most jobs with a college degree earn almost double of what a high school graduate would earn. 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It is becoming more clear that college campus shootings can happen and Gary Pavela and James Alan Fox have outlined the reasons why previous shootings have caused problems within college administration in modern times. Due to research on capmus shooting s college administration has increased their safety measures in the wrong ways. College campuses have

Portia The Control Freak Essay Example For Students

Portia The Control Freak Essay I would love to write a critical essay about the role of Portia in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Merchant of Venice,† hailing her as one of Shakespeare’s greatest contributions to the society of the sane; however, I find this impossible after re-reading the text. At first, I hung on her every word and was amazed at her wit, but later I found her to be just another Shakespearean psycho. Basically, I understood Portia to be nothing less than an obedient daughter obeying the whims of her dead, over-protective father. She speaks in terms of respect about the coffin ritual, and the reader believes her to be sincere. Later as her character is unfolded, the reader sees a wife in love with the husband who was wise enough to earn her love (and consequently her fortune! ). Beware, gentle reader! Do not fall under the spell of Portia the control freak! The following scenerios must be proof that this woman is not to be trusted! First of all, let’s evaluate the scene where Portia and Bassanio are before the caskets where Bassanio must make his choice. The dialogue directly preceeding the finding of the casket is basic lover’s speech, but wait! Listen carefully to what Portia says: â€Å"If you do love me, you will find me out† (III ii 41). Portia leads Bassanio to believe that the choice he makes in the caskets is his own. She leads the reader to believe that Bassanio’s love for her is the only force which leads to the discovery of the correct casket. However, earlier when Portia is speaking of the preparations for the casket choice, she speaks of music which is to be played while Bassanio makes his choice. Ok, this seems innocent enough; but examine the song–the first two lines of the song rhyme with lead! It doesn’t take long for the subliminal message to be absorbed in Bassanio’s brain, and the lead casket is chosen. This manipulative device is an indication to me that Portia has a need to make things go her way. She is afraid that Bassanio will make the wrong choice, and therefore assists him. Point #2. Portia creates a way of controlling the future of the relationship between herself and Bassanio. Portia gives Bassanio a ring with the words, â€Å"I give you this ring, which when you part from, lose, or give away, / Let it presage the ruin of your love†. Of course, Bassanio gives away the ring first chance he gets. Portia later makes known that the man he gave the ring to was her, and she proceeds to cold Bassanio for his lack of love. Bassanio is trapped! No matter what he does for the rest of their relationship, in his mind will remain the idea that Portia is watching! This is a clever device invented by Mr. Shakespeare; however, it does display a certain obsessive, manipulative air about Portia. Hmmmmm†¦. Lastly, I would like to take a venture. I was wondering earlier while reading the â€Å"Merchant of Venice† why Shakespeare used the doppel- ganger technique in his presentation of Nerissa and Portia. Nerissa follows Portia about and makes the same decisions Portia does. Nerissa s not as bright as Portia, and yet she meets the same ultimate fate as Portia. I am wondering if Shakespeare could have used Nerissa to point out the manipulative characteristics of Portia. It is true that one way that manipulative people feed is through weaker people who uphold them and their values. If anyone has any insight on this thought, let me know! Well, there you have it. My true feelings on Portia. Sure she is to be admired in some aspects, but perhaps as all great archetypes she has her foibles and faults. If anyone finds anything about the aforementioned aspects of Portia’s character, please let me know.

Coca Cola Company Corporate Social Responsibility

Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) entails the responsibilities that businesses have towards the societies within which they operate. Effective corporate social responsibility is associated with enhancing the value of shareholders. When a firm runs its business in a manner that accounts for social responsibility, the image and brand of the firm is highly recognized as well as respected.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coca Cola Company’ Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The recognition and respect for a firm’s brand is noted to affect the shareholders positively through adoption of a company’s products and services that is reflected by increased sales (Glann, 2009). There are various models of corporate social responsibility that guide businesses in executing their social responsibilities towards the societies within which they operate. For philanthropy model of CSR, companies are free to contribute to the social needs of the societies where they operate, but firms cannot be forced to do so. The integrative model entails a complete integration of social responsibility with a company’s mission as well as its strategy. The social web model considers firms as a citizen of the society in which it operates and thus, business should comply with the various ethical requirements and obligations that all citizens in the community face. The economic model involves limiting a company’s social responsibility to minimal economic responsibility of offering products and services, while ensuring they maximize profits within the law (Hartman Desjardins, 2011). Coca Cola Values and CSR Model Most Closely Associated With the Values Coca Cola is a company that upholds social corporate responsibility towards the community within which it operates. Coca Cola Company focuses on social responsibilities on various spheres of its operations. Coca Cola company social responsibilities values encompass social, economic, ethical as well as environmental concerns. Through the philanthropic model, the company is very committed towards the social affairs of the community. In order to cater for the social affairs of the community, Coca Cola Company provides health programs that provide health services for individuals suffering from tooth decay, diabetic and obesity. Similarly, Coca Cola Company has taken proactive approach to these health issues that are closely associated with its products and thus it finances various sport programs. In addition, Coca Cola has supplied various schools with countless fitness equipments and sports garments. Furthermore, Coca Cola has financed building and renovation of many youth centers. The Coca Cola Company does not limit its giving in United States of America only, but also extends its giving to other regions where it operates such as England, Egypt, New Zealand as well as S ingapore among other places.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company is dedicated in sponsoring sports initiatives in order to encourage people and particularly in the regions where it operates to take part in healthy lifestyle through engaging in physical exercise. Sports and exercise has been noted as essential in preventing obesity, diabetics as well as cardiac related illness that are the major causes of death in developed nations Using the economic CSR model, Coca Cola Company believes in customer satisfaction and places quality as its top most priority. Coca Cola Company produces high quality products as well as quality packaging that are guaranteed by using quality ingredients and materials as well as controlling all its process such as manufacturing, bottling and distribution. The regulation is done in order to make sure that its products and packaging m eet the company’s standards as well as address consumers’ expectations in the marketplace. The company is committed in offering high standard products both in quality as well as safety. Coca Cola has used its high quality products as its competitive advantage over its rival firms in extending its operations in order to maximize its profits. Coca Cola Company uses the integrative model of CSR in order to ensure sustainability for natural resources as well as environment. Coca Cola Company uses energy in the best possible manner to ensure sustainability as well as reduce greenhouse gases emissions. In addition, the company uses water in the best way possible to save water wastage. As its strategy for saving water, the company engages in water treatment and recycling. Coca Cola uses the social web model of CSR in order to ensure it conforms to the communities’ ethics and obligations. Coca Cola Company does not engage in unethical conducts such as corruption as well as spillage of industrial wastes in rivers. In addition, Coca Cola Company marketing department does not engage in misleading advertisements in order to lure consumers to take its products. The company believes it is its responsibility to inform its consumers about the nutrition value of its products in order to help them make informed decisions. Coca Cola Company being a U.S. multinational company is entitles to act ethically in all its dealings. The company is not allowed to participate in any bribery instances in order to get business favors. In addition, the company is entitled to include a correct label for all the ingredients that have been used to make its products. This is important in order for customers to make informed decisions when buying the company’s products (Neill, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coca Cola Company’ Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Benefits of Coca Cola CSR Initiatives The Coca Cola Company has greatly benefited by adopting its social corporate responsibility. Coca Cola has engaged in social programs such as sponsoring social activities such as sports that are important in promoting the health of the communities concerned. Coca Cola products are classified as fast food which has high calorie content that is associated with causing obesity and diabetic. Therefore, by supporting concerned communities in sports, Coca Cola encourages these communities to embrace healthy lifestyle that is guaranteed by proper dieting and engagement in exercises. The strict regulations in the production of Coca Cola ensure that they offer very high quality products that do not endanger life of the consumers. In addition, the tendency of Coca Cola Company not to engage in unethical behaviors by not disposing its wastes products in rivers has made many people to have a positive attitude towards Coca Cola brand as we ll as its products which has eventually resulted to the success of Coca Cola Company both in United States as well as a multinational company. The Benefits and Drawbacks of the Organization’s CSR Initiatives Coca Cola corporate social responsibility initiatives have also been associated with some drawbacks. For example, the company has invested a lot of money in the development of alternative sources of energy in order to cut down on the greenhouse gases emission. In addition, the company has equally invested a lot of money in upgrading the efficiency of its water usage as well as in endeavor of sponsoring social activities. However, the company has benefited greatly in these undertakings. Examples of Ethical and unethical Advertisements Many companies are engaged in various forms of unethical conducts that ranges from bribery to the use of misinforming ads in order to gain a competitive advantage, over their rival brands. In attempt to increase its market share over its riva l brands such as Pepsi, Coca Cola Company can opt to bribe some government officials in order to be given permit to operate in certain regions. Bribery is considered as unethical that is contrary to proper operations of the United States multinational companies. The United States of America does not allow its companies to give bribes in order to be given business favors (Sandon, 2006). This has often compromised the performance of Coca Cola Company and mainly when the company expansion to certain regions has been limited by corrupt government officials who have solicited for bribes. Coca Cola Company can also engage in unethical act by using misinforming advertisements in order to lure a certain targeted group to consume their brand. For example, Coca Cola Company can use an ad like ‘a bottle of Sprite a day delays aging’ this ad can be used to lure the young people to start taking a bottle of sprite daily.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This advertisement can mainly be used to increase the sale of sprite in areas where the level of education is low. The use of misinforming ad to increase the sale of the product will help a company to realize its short term objectives for increased sales, but many people will stop consuming a company’s products when they learn they are being cheated. This will affect the performance of the company negatively in the long run. However, ethical conducts of companies will only have short term drawbacks, but they will greatly eventually greatly benefit the company through increased sales as well as recognition and respect for a company’s brand. A company like Coca Cola can inculcate ethics in its advertisement by including messages that are informative in its ads. For example, Coca Cola marketing team can use an ad with informative message like ‘For every bottle of sprite, walk for 20 minutes.’ This information is essential for healthy lifestyle as it encourage s people to exercise after taking sprite in order to burn the excess calorie contained in sprite. The model of CSR That is Most Applicable and for ABC Company The ABC which is a new manufacturing company located in the U.S.A. should take an integrative model of corporate social responsibility. This model is the best for ABC Company because it integrates the social responsibilities of the company with its c mission and strategy that enhanced their success implementation. In addition, integration of the corporate social responsibilities with a firm’s mission and strategy facilitate the assessment of their realization which is important in evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies employed to realize the set corporate social responsibilities and adjust accordingly. An example of a statement for corporate social responsibility for ABC Company includes; ‘ABC Company aspires to be the manufacturing company that leads in energy efficiency as well as environmental protecti on for the benefit of all.’ Conclusion Companies should adopt corporate social responsibility in order to promote recognition as well as adoption of their brands to enhance their performances. There are various models that are used by companies to address social responsibilities for communities concerned. Some of the CRS models that are employed by companies include: economic, philanthropy, social web and integrative model. Coca Cola Company has used the aforementioned CRS models in order to execute its social responsibility towards the community within which it operates. From the analysis of the models used by Coca Cola Company, the integrative model of CRS was identified as the best for ABC Company as it integrates the social responsibilities to the company’s mission and strategies. Reference List Glann, N. (2009). Social Responsibility: Company Management and Shareholders. Web. Hartman, L. Desjardins, J. (2011). Business Ethics. Web. Neill, M. (2009). Coca Cola Cor porate Social Responsibility. Journal of International  Business. 5, 3, pp.30-60. Sandon, A. (2006). International Company and Ethics. Web. This research paper on Coca Cola Company’ Corporate Social Responsibility was written and submitted by user Paula E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. The WritePass Journal

Cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. Cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. IntroductionIs the company’s dividend policy irrelevant to its market value?Bird-in-the-handReferenceRelated Introduction A dividend is a distribution of after-tax profit. It is a cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. At the end of the each financial year every company has to decide (dividend decision) how much amount of earning to be retained by the company and how much amount to be distributed to shareholders. The dividend decision is important because it affects the amount of internally sourced finance available and also affects the return received by shareholders on the shares.  Once the company decided to pay dividends, they may establish a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which may show the impact of the investors and the financial markets. Establishing a specific  dividend  policy  is to the advantage of both the company and the shareholder. The distribution of dividends requires the approval of the board of directors and paid out to shareholders a few weeks later. There are several dates between the times the board declares the dividend un til the dividend is actually paid. The first date of note is the declaration date which the board of director declares the time or date is announced. The next date of note is ex-dividend date which time investors must have bought the stock to receive the dividend. The investor, who buying the stock after ex-dividend date is not receiving any dividend, record date, is a few days after the ex-dividend date the company close its stock transfer books and make up a list of the shareholder, who will receive the dividend. The final step is payment date which the checks of dividend will send to the shareholders. There are different types of dividend, which are cash or as additional stock which increase the number of shares outstanding and generally reduce the price per share, regular dividend which is paid at regular intervals, or a special dividend which is paid in addition to regular dividend and liquidating dividend which are excess of the retained earning they show on their book. There exist four main types of dividend policy theories Modigliani and Miller (1961) dividend Irrelevancy theory, Linter and Gordon (bird-in-the-hand) Theory, Signalling properties of dividend and clientele effect. Is the company’s dividend policy irrelevant to its market value? One of the financial theorists (Miller and Modigliani, 1961) provides a proposition for dividend policy irrelevance. They assume that perfect capital markets, meaning no taxes or transaction costs exist, the market price has many buyer or seller, and there is costless and feely access to information. Modigliani and Miller state that dividend policy was not one of the determinants of share price .Share value is independent of the level of dividend paid. A firm pay dividend is irrelevant and those stockholders are indifferent about receiving dividend. For example, from the aspect of investor, that the company paid too big dividend, investor could buy more share with the dividend that is over the investor’s expectations. Similarly if the company paid too little dividend, an investor could sell some of the company’s share to reflect the cash flow their expected. Market value of company its cost of capital is independent of its capital structure. According to their argument dividend policy is unaffected and irrelevance of market share price .Should the company pay out to its shareholders or retain that money to make new project. Modigliani and Millers dividend-irrelevance theory says that investors can affect their return on a stock regardless of the stocks dividend Residual Policy Modigliani and Miller argued that financial objective is maximise shareholder wealth when the share price is maximised. Shareholders are indifferent between dividends and capital gain. Company is used M M Residual dividend policy when a company undertake all positive NPV project and paid out the residual as dividend. Alternatively a company with not enough funds to invest new project, paid no dividend and the additional funds can obtain from outside sources. They were arguing that if company followed the best investment policy the value of company is irrelevance to its dividend policy. They also argue that shareholders are also indifferent to the timing of dividend payment because if there were no dividends the market value of company would increase to reflect as future dividend and share price is also increasing resulting from the returns of investment. A dividend policy is irrelevant because shareholders have the ability to create â€Å"homemade† dividends that mean that ca pital gain is not perfect suitable for dividend in cash flow terms. This income is achieved by individuals adjusting their personal portfolios to reflect their own preferences. For example some shareholders prefer to get steady of income are more likely to invest in bonds, which interest payment don’t change ,rather than dividend –paying stock, which value can fluctuate. Bird-in-the-hand On the other hands, Lintner (1962) and Gordon (1963) believe that company dividend policies are relevant to their share price. Under conditions of uncertainty and imperfect capital market ,he argued â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† theory that investor can reduce the financial risk associated with their investment if the return is received in the form of dividend earlier, rather than capital gain or higher dividends later. On this analysis, current dividend represent less risky than future capital gain. Therefore, company paying higher dividend will be more worth than company paying lower dividend. Dividend policy is one of the importance factors of determining share price. Gorden argued that the payment of current dividends â€Å"determine investor uncertainty†. The key assumption, as argued by Lintner and Gordon, is that because of the less risky nature dividends, shareholders and investors will discount the firm’s dividend stream at a lower rate of return, â€Å"râ₠¬ , thus increasing the value of the firm’s shares. According to dividend growth model, the value of an ordinary share, Po is given by: Po=D1/(r-g) Where the constant dividend growth rate is denoted by g, r is the investor’s required rate of return and D1, represent the next dividend payments. Thus the lower r is in relation to the value of dividend payment D1, the greater the share’s value. In the investor’s view, according to Linter and Gordon, r the return from the dividend, is less risky than the future growth rate g. oppapers.com/eassys/Bird-In-Hand/536314 Signalling effect of dividend This theory argued that financial information is asymmetric and managers will always know more than shareholders about the future financial prospects of the company. The dividend declared can be interpreted as a signal from directors to shareholders about the strength of underlying project cash flows. Increasing dividend is usually seen as good news, indicating that the company has positive prospects. The theory of dividend signalling has usually refers to a cash distribution of retain earnings. jstor.org/pss/2328393 Reference Watson, D. and Head, A. (2010) Corporate finance Principles Practice.5th edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.